[PDF] Chapter 4: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

There are two ways of expressing molar concentration: Molar analytical concentration is the total number of moles of a solute, regardless of its chemical state,

[PDF] CHAPTER 4 Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

The analytical molarity describes how a solution of a given molarity can be prepared Equilibrium molarity is the molar concentration of a particular species in a

[PDF] 4 Calculations Used in Analytical Chemisty

Formal Concentration (Formality, F): analytical concentration Ex: 1 00 F NaOH or H2SO4 → equilibrium molar conc = 0 00 M Ex 4-4 Calculate the analytical

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example, we measure the quantity of heat produced during a chemical reac- tion in joules, (J), Table 2 1 Fundamental SI Units of Importance to Analytical Chemistry Both molarity and formality express concentration as moles of solute

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Solutions Manual to Analytical Chemistry 2 1 by David Harvey (Summer 2016) Copyright tion B to calculate the concentration of solution A; thus Solution A:

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In normality calculations, the number of equivalents is the number of moles times the number of The analytical concentration represents the concentration of

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to determine concentration Classification according to sample type is also common For example, if the analysis relates to biological samples, it is referred to as

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Perform stoichiometric calculations using typical titration and gravimetric data In the 18th century, the strength (actually the concentration) of vinegar samples was

Chapter 4:

Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

In this chapter, we describe several methods used

to compute the results of a quantitative analysis. SI system of units and the distinction between mass and weight. the mole, a measure of the amount of a chemical substance. the various ways that concentrations of solutions are expressed.

Finally, we treat chemical stoichiometry.

4ASomeimportantunitsofmeasurement

4A-1SIUnits

¾Numerousotherusefulunits,suchas

fromthesebaseunits.

¾Toexpresssmallorlargemeasured

quantitiesintermsofafewsimpledigits, pre-fixesareusedwiththesebaseunitsand otherderivedunits. areusedintheSIsystem. milliliterisdefinedas10-6m3,or1cm3.

4A-2TheDistinctionBetweenMassandWeight

For example, a crucible weighs less in Denver than in AtlanticCity however, massremains constant regardless of where you measure it. wistheweightofanobject, misitsmass,and gistheaccelerationduetogravity. morestandardmasses. mgw

4A-3TheMole

substance. 12C. substance.

Themolarmassofglucoseis:

x x xM mnamountX

4A-4TheMillimole

1mmol=10-3mol,and103mmol=1mol

4BSolutionsandtheirconcentrations

4B-1ConcentrationofSolutions

thesolvent). dimensionsofmol/L,ormolL-1. ofsolution. V ncx xtersvolumeinli utemolesofsolntrationmolarconce prepared. equilibrium. solvent. concentration. For example, the molar equilibriumconcentration of H2SO4in a solution with a molar analytical concentration, cH2SO4= 1 M, is actually 0.0 M, because the sulfuric acid is completely dissociatedinto a mixture of H+, HSO4-, SO4-2 ions. There are essentially no H2SO4moleculesin this solution. The equilibrium concentrations of the ions are 1.01, 0.99, and 0.01M, respectively. solution.

Ex.,[H2SO4]=0.00M;

[H+]=1.01M. [SO4-2]=0.01Mand[HSO4-2]=0.99M

PercentConcentration

percentisvolumeconcentration. withanotherliquid. diluteaqueoussolutionsofsolidreagents. %100, %100)/( %100)/( u u mLtionvolumesolu gteweightsoluvwentvolumepercweight tionvolumesolu tevolumesoluvventvolumeperc tionweightsolu teweightsoluwwentweightperc

Partspermillionandpartsperbillion

thousandaremassconcentrations. expressconcentration: oceanography. ppmtionmassofsolu temassofsolucppm 610

Solution-DiluentVolumeRatios

dilutingit. concentratedhydrochloricacid. p-Functions pX=-log[X]

DensityandSpecificGravityofSolutions

volumeofwater. unit specificgravityinterchangeably. isspecifiedonthelabel. reagent. dildilconcdconcdcVcV u

4CChemicalstoichiometry

chemicalspecies. equation.

EmpiricalFormulasandMolecularFormulas

chemicalcompound. theircommonmolecularformula.

4C-2StoichiometricCalculations

equation

2NaI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)PbI2(s)+2NaNO3(aq)

aqueoussodiumnitrate. molesofproductthatforms. fromitsmolarmass. Figure 4-2 Flow diagram for making stoichiometric calculations.

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