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Best Practices for Reducing

Near-Road Pollution

Exposure at Schools

November 2015

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Best Practices for Reducing

Near-Road Pollution

Exposure at Schoo

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA would like to acknowledge the following organizations ............2

Near-Road Pol

lution Exposure .....3 Passive/Natural Ventilation ........................................................................

Filtration ..............................................................................................................................

Actions for Building Occupants ........................................................................

Summary ........................................................................

Site-Related Strategies for Reducing Near-Road Pollution Exposure ..........................................9

..................9 Upgrade Bus Fleets ........................................................................ ....9 Roadside Barriers ........................................................................ Sound Walls ........................................................................ ................12 Vegetation ........................................................................ ...................13 $GGLWLRQDO5HVRXUFHV

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exposure at schools located downwind from heavily traveled roadways (such as highways), along corridors help other schools that want to take steps to address near other sources of particulate air pollution, such as rail yards, ports, and industrial facilities. for assistance in evaluating the impacts, if any, that also include information overall environmental evaluation for your school. administrators, facility managers, school staff, students, and others in the school community who traveled roadway or trucking corridor and who want to understand potential approaches to design engineers, and construction contractors who can apply the principles of this document during facility siting, design, and construction; and other

Other EPA Resources for

Schools

) offers many documents and tools to help states, districts, schools, teachers, parents, and students create or enhance productive and healthy learning environments. affect children's health in schools, from selecting appropriate locations for schools to maintaining the may address strategies that are discussed in this resources to assess your school's environmental health efforts and implement or improve related your 1

Reducing Near-Road Pollution

Exposure at Schools

to a variety of short- and long-term health effects, including asthma, reduced lung function, impaired lung development in children, and cardiovascular air pollution while at school is a growing concern new and existing schools.

Near-Road Air Pollution and

Pollutants directly emitted from cars, trucks, and other motor vehicles are found in higher concentrations near major roads. Examples of directly emitted the formation of other pollutants in the atmosphere, such as nitrogen dioxide, which is found in elevated concentrations near major roads, and ozone, which adverse health effects. higher closer to the road, with the highest levels roadway, depending on the pollutant, time of day, and surrounding terrain. 1 that people who live, work, or attend school near short- and long-term health effects, including asthma, reduced lung function, impaired lung development in children, and cardiovascular effects in adults.

•Respiratory systems that are not fully

developed. Studies show exposures to air pollution in childhood can result in decreased lung function. 2 U.S. are located within 250 meters (~820 feet) of a heavily traveled road. 3 1 (14), 5334-5344. 2 3 limited access or interstate highway) or A2 (primary road without limited access). 2 3 numerous studies have found that concentrations of classrooms, where children spend most of the school day. 4,5 +RZ&DQ1HDU5RDG3ROOXWLRQ

Exposure Be Reduced in

Over the past several decades, emission control

technologies and regulations have led to large decreases in emissions per vehicle. Pollutant concentrations have also declined, though at a these strategies aim to reduce indoor exposure at reductions indoors and outdoors on a larger scale.

addresses the following mitigation strategies that transportation policies, site location and design, and near other sources of particulate air pollution (e.g., railyards, industry) and near facilities that have project team that is committed to ensuring a healthy environment for children and staff.

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7,8

Operation Strategies for

Reducing Near-Road

Pollution Exposure

healthy indoor air quality. Ventilation in schools is achieved passively (e.g., via open windows and doors) 4 effects - A literature review. 5 7 8 ina.12015 4

Studies have shown that in addition to reducing

health effects related to air pollution exposure, scores and attendance. 9 used, higher ventilation rates can increase pollutant levels indoors if outdoor pollutant concentrations are higher than indoor concentrations. to a classroom through open windows or doors or windows and doors).

Passive systems rely on dilution

with outdoor air. the outdoor air is less polluted than the indoor air. needs and outdoor air quality, as well as controlling to carry out. Strategies for reducing pollution exposure in naturally ventilated classrooms include reducing indoor sources of air pollution and, at schools near heavily traveled roads, timing air intake (i.e., opening outdoor air during peak travel times (see Actions for Building Occupants section for more information). the sections that follow.

Recommendations

room without air ducts (such as a unit ventilator or individual heat pump) and central air handling effectiveness of mechanical ventilation depends

Negative pressure can allow outdoor contaminants

condense in walls and promote mold growth. typically recommended. recommends 10

While central units typically achieve higher air

9 (1), 27-52. 10

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012).

5 quality, the necessary ducting and registers tend to for leaks. Regardless of the type of system used, mechanical ventilation systems are typically more

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Recommendations

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11 Although diluting air contaminants through ventilation is outdoor levels. 12

Achieving maximum performance of

•Proper installation;

locations; and

•Regular maintenance, including replacement

Filtration has some practical limitations. Filtration is only effective at removing particles that enter the system through an outside air intake and particles that enter through the return air ducts usually located at ceiling level. Particles entering the school instance, particles entering the classroom through open doors or windows, through leakage in the to remove gaseous pollutants are costly and are not commonly used in schools. 13

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14 11 12 ina.12015 13 14

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014).

ratings from 1 to 4 are effective at removing large particles that can enter the respiratory system and ratings are increasingly more effective at removing very small particles.

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