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Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution
in Shipping Industry 1)Chul-hwan HAN
2)**Contents
I. Introduction IV. Emission Mitigation Strategies II. Air Pollution in Shipping Industry in Shipping Industry III. International Measures against Air V. ConclusionPollution From Ship
Abstract
Pollution emissions from international ocean-going vessels have a signif icant impact on public health and global climate changes. The purpose of this paper is to review the status of pollution mitigation measures implemented to date i n shipping sector. Emissions control options for ocean going vessels can be classified in three broad categories: technological improvement, operational changes a nd market-based strategies. In addition, shipping companies have also empha sized environmental policy for the purpose of achieving corporate social respo nsibility and eco-efficiency. The policy implications of this paper are as follows. First, public awareness of the importance and emergency of environment in shipping industry should be required. Second, it need to investigate the actual c onditions of environmental pollution from ship and port area and develop environme ntal evaluation scheme. Third, integrated approach is more useful method to mitigate air pollution in shipping sector. Finally, stakeholders' collaboration is a key factor for the successful environmental prevention in shipping industry. Key Words : Air Pollution, Global Warming, Market-based Strategies1) This paper is revised version of an earlier paper presented at the 2nd I
nternational Conference of the Asian Journal of Shipping andLogistics in Seoul, 10th June, 2009.
2) Assistant Professor of Dongseo University , Korea, Email : chhan16@dongs
eo.ac.kr 008 Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution in Shipping IndustryI. Introduction
In the age of 'just in time' logistics and global supply chains, the fast and efficient movement of goods is an economic imperative. Ocean-borne commerce has been steadily increasing through the last two decades and is expected to continue to play a significant role in the globalized wor ld economy. Expected growth in ship traffic will add significantly to local air quality problems and global climate-change risks unless ship emissions a re further controlled. To date, improvements in ship environmental performance have not proceeded at the same pace as the increase in shipping activity and ship missions remain largely unregulated. Local and regional air quality problems associated with ship emissions, especially in coastal areas, are a concern because of their public healt h impacts and greenhouse gas emission. Exposure to air pollution is associ ated with a host of health risks including premature death, cancer, heart and respiratory diseases. Port communities are additionally burdened by their proximity to these facilities. Especially, air pollution emitted from port-related activities adversely affect the health of port workers, as well as residents of nearby port area, and contribute significantly to regional air pollution problems. Because their air pollutant emissions remain comparatively unregulated, ships an d port facilities are now among the world's most polluting combustion sources per ton of fuel consumed. 1) Currently, international shipping and port industry has adopted new technologies such as improvement of fuel quality and ship engine technol ogy as well as operation changes at port in order to reduce the air pollutio n from ship and other transport modes. However, relative to other sources, controlling emissions from commercial marine vessels represents a signi ficant political and legal challenge. Indeed, ships operate largely outside of national boundaries and are subject to oversight by the International Maritime Organization(IMO). The IMO has not demonstrated a willingness to establish requirements based on the be st1) Corbett et al. (1999), p.3457.
009 Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution in Shipping Industry available technologies and fuels. Instead, its actions have served to co dify technologies already largely adopted by the industry as a result of market forces. The main purpose of the paper is to examine emission reduction strategie s for the shipping and port sectors that will result in significant enviro nment and public health beneÞts. The paper consists of as follows: Chapter II reviews the current status of air pollution from ocean going vessels. Chapter III analyzes local, regional , and international regulation program for air pollution from ship. In Chapter IV, emission reduction strategies in shipping and port sector are suggested based on technological, operational, and market-based approach and also major players' effort for reducing air pollution are examined. The paper concludes in Chapter V with recommendations for policymakers and other stakeholders.II. Air Pollution in Shipping Industry
1. Major sources of air pollution from shipping industry
Promoting maritime trafÞc safety, while protecting the ocean environment, are important concerns in global maritime industry. Because more than 50% of a ship's operating expense is generally the cost of fuel oil, most of the world's ship operators use degraded residue heavy fuel oil in marine power plants, for its advantages in fuel economy. These degraded heavy oils, however, contain high levels of asphalt, carbon residues, sulfur and metallic compounds, as well as having properties of high visc osity (up to 700 cst), low cetane numbers and low volatility. During the burning process in marine diesel engines, boilers, and incinerators, these fuels can produce signi cant amounts of black smoke, particulate matter(PM), nitrogen oxides(NOx), unburned hydrocarbons(UHC), sulfur oxides(SOx), carbo n monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide(CO 2 ), etc. These pollutants, which may deplete the ozone layer, enhance the green-house effect, and produce acid rain are detrimental to the health of living beings and have attracted a grea t deal of 010 public concern. 2) And air pollution and health impacts from port operation are also very serious. The diesel engines at ports, which power ships, trucks, trains, and cargo-handling equipment, create vast amounts of air pollution that affect the health of workers and people living in nearby communities and contribute signi Þcantly to regional air pollution. More than 30 human epidemiological studies have found that diesel exhaust increases cancer risks, and a 200 0 California study found that diesel exhaust is responsible for 70 percent of the cancer risk from air pollution. 3)Major air pollutants from diesel
engines at ports that can affect human health include PM, volatile organic compounds(VOCs), NOx, and SOx. The health effects of pollution from ports may include asthma, other respiratory diseases, cardiovascular dis ease, lung cancer, and premature death. In children, these pollutants have been linked with asthma and bronchitis, and high levels of the pollutants hav e been associated with increases in school absenteeism and emergency room visits. 4) In fact, numerous studies have shown that children living near busy diesel trucking routes are more likely to suffer from decreased lung function, wheezing, bronchitis, and allergies. World major ports operate virtually close to residential neighborhoods, schools, and playgrounds. Due to clo se proximity to ports, nearby communities face extraordinarily high health risks from associated air pollution. Many of these areas are low income communities of color, a fact that raises environmental justice concerns.2. Emission from Ocean-going vessel
Corbett & Fishbeck Þrst developed globally emission inventory for ocean going ship and found that ocean-going ships are major contributors to gl obal emissions of nitrogen and sulfur, and, to a lesser extent, to global emissions of CO 2 , PM, hydrocarbons(HCs), and CO. They insisted that approximately80 percent of the worldwide
ßeet is either harbored (55 percent of the time) or near a coast (25 percent of the time). 5)This means most ships spend only
2) Bin L. and Cheung-Yuan L., (2006), p.220.
3) CARB(2000), NRDC(2004), pp. 1-7.
4) For more detail information on health effects of air pollution, see Bailey et al(2004, pp. 752-756.
5) Corbett and Fishbeck (1998).
Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution in Shipping Industry 011 about 20 percent of the time at sea and far from land. 6)It also means that
most ship emissions occur near enough to land to inßuence not only local air quality in coastal and harbor areas but also soils, rivers, and lakes in those areas. Studies making use of geographic marine activity data have estima ted that about 70-80 percent of all ship emissions occur within 400 km ( 248miles) of land. 7) The vast majority (85 percent) of ship emissions occur in the northern hemisphere. The most affected coasts are in the Northern Hemisphere: the North Atlantic and the PaciÞc Rim.