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GEORGEELIOTANDTHE

TECHNIQUESOFTHENOVELIN

MIDDLEMARCH

.DallielRelié

OlllarBongo

Deportmellt,

BruZZllvil/e-Gabo{}/1

ABSTRACT

withthesourcesand

Eliotinthehuildingupofherll1asterpieee.

Il

INTRODUCTION

Middlellltll'ch

i isthestoryofDorotheaBrooke timl" \Vayofsatisfyingherwishesinthattown.The ofthepresentarticleistodealwithGeorge whichC{lnstÎtutethenove!.

Mcthod(IflIpprollch

usedbytheauthor,

1.BEGINNINGSANDCOMPOSITION

OFTHENOVEL

'l'hankstotheexistenceofGe,lrge

Eliot'sIctters

shekeptwhenwritingMiddlemarchwecanhavean

Year's

Dayofl869,GeorgeEliotdecidedtowritea

novelaboutprovinciallifeandtheherowas tohea physician.

WeknowfromthelettersthatbyII

andthreechaptersandthatbyMay1870shehad

JohnBlackwood.shewas'notsofaralongasshe

anotherstol)'.Hel'journalentryfor2 1h

December1870

reads: is(/subjectwhichheenrecordedamongmy

1",1willp,.ohahlylttkenewshapesinthe

deve/oJ7menl.1amlodayalp..J.J,:

Ilerjoumalentl)'tnr31Decemher1870reads:

ofastorywhichrbeganabouttheopeningof

Forus,thestruçtureoftheworkisits

composition,that is,thewayitselementsareordered. ismade ofparts.

Asregardsthenovel,structurecomprisesthe

epigraphsandsuspenses. Aplot isasuccessionofeventsinanovel,a

Structure,sound

andSense:"Ploiisthesequence o.fincidentso.fwhichaslory iscomposed"'.Edwin oftheplot:

Aplotisalsoanarrativeofevents,/he

emphasis fa//ingonecausa/ity.'Thekingdiedand thequeendied ofgrief»isaplot.(,

RaymondBoudonunderlinesthetroubleonebas

10definethisnotion:

obscurs...

S'iIs'agissaitd'unenotiondépourvue

d'équivoque,on neprendraitsansdoulepustant depeineàla

Il.STRUCTUREANDPLOT

November,andatpresentmeantocali'Miss

Brooke.

'»JThenextsignificantjournalentryin connectionwithMiddlemarchoccurson19March

1871:(dhavewrittenabout236pages(print)of

mynovel,which1wanttogetoffmyhandsbynext

November.MypresentfearisthatIhavetoomuch

matter.toomany'momenti whatisnowChapter23andthatthesechapters thepresentChapter

10.Thenextsixteenpagesofthe

manuscripthavebeenestablished asbridgingpages written tolinkthetwostories.Thedinnerpartyseene introduction.WhatGeorgeEliotdid wastorewrite thesepages tofitthemintothenewMiddlemarch.

Chapter

16werewrittenaspartof'Middlemarch'or

'MissBrooke'while, fromChapter18on,thetwo worldsandtwostoriesbecomemoreandmore interrelated. orantic/imacticordering oftheplol-bUIindudes worknotonlyhasastructure butisastructure'.

Thedifficultytodefinethewordstructure

W.StacyJohnsonproposeinAnIntroductionto

LiteraryCriticism:

ThetermdoenotreferonlytotheformaIaspects

theparal/els orcontrastsofscenes,thec/imoctic (foolnoIU)

Ashlon.

1904,
p.432. ,Ibidem.p.433. •Ibidem. p.434. lnMiddlemarch,GeorgeEliotcreatesaplot centred andMaryGarthwhogetmarriedattheendofthe (Foolnoles)

Gallimard.1

%8,p.13

Middlesex,PenguinBooks.1976.p277

Jovanovichinc.1974.p.43.

1957,p.16.

PenguinBooks.OliverSlallybJassedilor,1974. P87

AnomniscientNarrator

A.NARRATIONIII.NARRATIONAND

FOCALISATION

Middlemarch.

Itisanove!whichiscomposedofonePrelude,

bookgoesfromchapter1tochapter

12(pages7to

120).The second

onebeginsinchapter13andends inchapter

22(pages123to225).BookIIIstartsin

chapter23andends inchapter33(pages229to319).

BookIVgoesfromchapter34tochapter42(pages

323to427).

BookVextendsfromchapter43to

chapter53(pages431to531).

BookVIbeginsin

chapter54andends inchapter62(pages535to636).

Thelastbutonebookgoesfromchapter63to

chapter

72andfinishesinchapter86(pages733to

Eliothastheconcem

ofmakingthebooksofhernove! balance.Thatis whyshemakesthebookshavean average oftenchapters,exceptbookIVwhichhas onlyeightchapters.Forexample,book

IIcontainsten

chapters, bookIIIcompriseselevenchapters,book

Vhaselevenchapters.Furthermore,thewoman

ofaboutonehundredpageseach.Wecometothe conclusionthat

Middlemarch,isaweilbalancedwork

offiction.

Middlemarchis,generallyspeaking,toldbya

stol)'.He knowseverythingaboutthem.Inthetext, hasthemastery ofnarration.Forinstancewhenthe narratorsays onpage399ofthenovel:"Thes;roup1 ammovingtowards...

»,heshowsusthathedirects

thenarration.Wefollowthenarrative orthestol)' accordingtowhat hewantstoshowus.Wearein appearsthroughthepersona!pronoun "1»thatheUSeS onpages84(twice),85,141(twice),142, 166, 192,

194(threetimes),

241,242,278,280,281,299,301,

331,334,350,363,399,409,412,413,418and

581,wehavethecertaintythatit isthenarratorwhois

_________Sciencessocialesethumaines by statusasthe chiefofthenarrationwhenhedeclaresin chapter

15concemingLydgate:"Atpresent1haveto

makethenewsettlerLydgatebetterknowntoany tothosewho hadseenthemostofhimsincehis arrivaiinMiddlemarch.» (pp.141-142)Inother andtellingushisstol)'.

WecanconcJudeatthisstage

that

Middlemarchisthestol)'ofDorotheaBrooke,

Wealsohavetheproofthatthenarratormanages

narration whenhesays:"...andas1begantosaya /iulewhileago ...}}(p.281).Anothercertitudethathe managesnarrationiswhenheaffirms: "MrBulstrode wasageneralimpressionthatLydgatewas practitionerinMiddlemarch.» (p.1.:12)Thenarrator isomniscient.

Manyotherexamplesprovethat.On

authority onthenarrationofthestol)'whenheaffirrns: page194,weread:"...insomegeneralwordsas1 tellsus: "FredVinLY.wehaveseenhadadebtonhi.\' mind...» thatis tosay,hewasnotawitnessofthatstory.In otherwords,hewasnotacharacter ofthatnarrative. us.Inotherwords,heisout ofthediegesis.

IV.SPACE

Middlemarch_essentiallytakesplacesinthe

Dorothealiveswithheruncle

MrBrooke.Thatplace

isquotedonpages

8,59,61,63and97.Asecond

place isStoneCourtwhichiscitedonpages104,105. ofMiddlemarch isLowickwhereMrcasaubonlives.

Thereaderencountersthatlocalityonpages104, 105,

273,278,409,483,484,485,486,493,571,760

(p.153).Rome,thecapital ofItalyisseenonpages

192,204,215,276and282.Alithoseplaces

symboliseopenspaces.Otheropenspacesare represented bynatureandgardens(pp.513.730). importantonesareroomsthatwecomeacrosson pages

97,123,192,260,267,273,290,314.624,

650, 654,726,727, 749, 755,771,777and788.

meetsonpages48,132,284. 296,346. 350.362.

432,435,541.542.543.579.644.735.746.781

pages38,

53,274,275,280, 281,282, 283, 284,

287,387,426,455,475,480,483,484,485.486

portrayed onpages73, 74,104, 168.323and513.

Middlemarchisanarrativewithzero

quasitotality ofthefocalisationandwhodoesnot,in passages inzerofocalisation.Wecansaythatitisa novelled, genera1lyspeaking,inzerofocalisation.The

IIItwashardiy ayearsincetheyhadcometoliveat

uncertainvote.»

Onpage9,thezerofocalisation

"And howshouldDorotheanotmarry?-agirl.1'0 hinderifbutherlove ofextremes.andherinsistence catlSeawarymantohesifatebefore hemadeher breezyautumndaywhen

MrCasaubondroveolfto

andDorothea,who hadonherbonnetandshawl. hurriedalongtheshrubbery andacrossthepark that.l'hemightwanderthroughthebordering

10,27,28,29,33,34,48,60,61,62,63,85,117,

123,142,143,163,164,165, 178, 179,190,192,

200,209,211,267,268,275,278,299,300,301,

314,315,341,360,371,375,417,418,419,420,

421,427,432,478,479,497,498,547,586,587,

614,615,635,647,655,677,678,679,697,698,

737,738, 739,740, 745,757,769,770, 771,772,

773,795,804, 818, 833,834,835,836,838)

So, himseIfbecomingviolentandunreasonableas if hadinjuredhislot.

Hehadmeanteverythingtoturn

outdifferently ...»Athirdexarnpleisfoundonchapter

76,themomentwhenthefocalisersays:

IlDorothea

onher .l'ideha"immediatelyformedaplanof whichshefelt .l'urewasapart...ofthegalling pressurehehad

10bear.»(p.769)Theverbs"tofeel»

makeusknowwhatcharactersthinkorfee!.The thefocaliserhasinseeingandreadinginthe consciousness ofcharacters.

Sciencessocialesethumaines

Manorhouse,saying:

"Ithadasmallpark,witha fine oldoakhereandthere,andanavenueoflimes towardsthesouth-westfront,withasunkfence andpastures, withhedgerowsstill allowedtagraw inbushybeautyandtaspreadautcoralfruitfor description ofanopenspacelocatedinMiddlemarch.

Thenarratorsays:

"'"achillwindwasblawingthe blossomsfromthesurroundinggardensontothe green moundsofLowickchurchyard.»Enclosed spacesaredescribed onpages74,75and541.On ofMr longlibrary,thecarpetsquotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26