[PDF] Matrix Multiplication - University of Plymouth



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Matrix Multiplication - University of Plymouth

BasicMathematics

MatrixMultiplication

R Horan & M LavelleTheaim of this document is to provide a short, self assessment programme for students who wish to learn how to multiply matrices.Copyright c?2005Email: rhoran,mlavelle@plymouth.ac.uk

LastRevision Date: November 2, 2005Version 1.0

Table of Contents

1.Introduction

2.Matrix Multiplication 1

3.Matrix Multiplication 2

4.The Identity Matrix

5.Quiz on Matrix Multiplication

Solutions to Exercises

Solutions to Quizzes

The full range of these packages and some instructions, should they be required, can be obtained from our web pageMathematics Support Materials.

Section 1: Introduction 3

1. Introduction

In the packageIntroduction to Matricesthe basic rules ofaddi- tionandsubtractionof matrices, as well asscalar multiplication, were introduced. The rule for themultiplication of two matricesis the subject of this package. The first example is the simplest. Recall that ifMis a matrix then the transpose ofM, written M T, is the matrix obtained fromMby writing the rows ofMas the columns ofM T.

IfA= (a1a2... an)is a1×n(row) matrix andB= (b1b2... bn)Tis an×1(column) matrix then the productABis defined as

AB=(a1a2... an)(

((b 1 b

2···b

n) ))=a 1b 1+a 2b

2+···+a

nb nThis general rule is sometimes called theinner product. N.B.Therow matrixis on the left and thecolumn matrixis on the right.

Section 1: Introduction 4

Example 1In each of the following cases, find the productAB. (a)A= (1 2),B= (4 3)T.(b)A= (1 1 1),B= (2 3 4)T. (c)A= (1-1 2 3),B= (1 1-3 2)T.

Solution

(a)AB=(1 2)? 4

3?=1×4 +2×3 = 4 + 6 = 10.

(b)AB=(1 1 1)( (2 3 4) )=1×2 +1×3 +1×4 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9. (c)AB=(1-1 2 3)( ((1 1 -3 2) ))=1×1 +1×(-1) +2×(-3) +3×2= 1 + (-1) + (-6) + 6 = 0.

Section 1: Introduction 5

Exercise 1.For each of the cases below, calculateAB. (Click on the greenletters for solutions.) (a)A= (-2 4),B= (3 2)T, (b)A= (5 3-2),B= (3-4 2)T, (c)A= (4 4-2-3),B= (5-4 32)T.

The following observations are worth noting.•The row matrix is on the left, the column matrix is on the right.

•Therowandcolumnhave the same number of elements. •The inner productABis a1×1matrix, i.e. anumber. •Nothing has yet been said about a matrix productBA. QuizIfA= (x x1)andB= (x6 9)T, which of the following values ofxwill result inAB= 0? (a)x= 1,(b)x= 3,(c)x=-3,(d)x=-2.

Section 2: Matrix Multiplication 1 6

2. Matrix Multiplication 1

The previous section gave the rule for the multiplication of a row vectorAwith a column vectorB, theinner productAB. This section will extend this idea to more general matrices.

Suppose thatA=?a1a2... an

c

1c2... cn?andB= (b1b2... bn)T.

ThenAB=?

a1a2... an c

1c2... cn?(

((b 1 b

2···b

n) ?a 1b 1+a 2b

2+...+a

nb nc 1b 1+c 2b

2+...+c

nb n?Example 2FindABfor each of the following cases. (a)A=?1 2

3-1?,B= (4 3)T.

(b)A=?1 1 1 -2 1-3?,B= (2 3 4)T.

Section 2: Matrix Multiplication 1 7

Solution

(a)AB=? 1 2 3-1?? 4

3?=?1×4 +2×33×4 +(-1)×3?=?

10

9?(b)AB=?

1 1 1 -2 1-3?( (2 3 4) )=?1×2 +1×3 +1×4(-2)×2 +1×3 +(-3)×4? =?9 -13?The following observations onABare worth noting. •The element in thefirst rowofABis theinner productof the first rowofAwith the column matrixB. •The element in thesecond rowofABis theinner productofthe second rowofAwith the column matrixB. •The number ofcolumnsofAmust be equal to the number of rowsofB.

Section 2: Matrix Multiplication 1 8

This rule for multiplication may be extended to matrices,A, which have more than two rows. For example, ifAhad3rows then the resulting matrix,AB, would have a third row; the value of this element would be theinner productof thethird rowofAwith the column matrixB. Exercise 2.For each of the cases below, calculateAB. (Click on the greenletters for solutions.)quotesdbs_dbs2.pdfusesText_2