February 2018 - WHO
Several types of aflatoxin (14 or more) occur in nature, but four – aflatoxins B 1, B 2, G 1 and G 2 are particularly dangerous to humans and animals as they have been found in all major food crops; but most human exposure comes from contaminated nuts, grains and their derived products Additionally, aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1), a product of
Aflatoxins Studies on Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
aflatoxin intake or aflatoxin levels in food samples and the incidence of liver cancer In the United States, a 10 excess of primary liver-cell cancer was observed in the Southeast, where the estimated average daily intake of aflatoxin was high, compared with the North and West, areas with low aflatoxin intake In a case-control study in the Phil-
Aflatoxin Understanding and Control- All the Tools in the Shed
Aflatoxin (µg/g) aflatoxin aflatoxin 2A1L-11: G 1 toxigenic isolate of A flavus 4C1P-11: toxigenic isolate of A parasiticus Ability of AF36 to reduce aflatoxins in almond kernels when co-inoculated with highly toxigenic isolates
AFLATOXINS 1 Exposure Data
2) or green (aflatoxin G 1) and green–blue (aflatoxin G 2) fluorescence, from which the designations B and G were derived, or blue–violet fluorescence (aflatoxin M 1) (b) Melting-points: see Table 1 (c) Absorption spectroscopy: see Table 1 (d) Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water (10–30 μg/mL); insoluble in non-polar
Case Studies in Aflatoxin M1 and Antibiotics
aflatoxin M1 and antibiotics / AMR bacteria in animal source foods •Not all aflatoxins are equally harmful •AFM 1 found in dairy foods is a metabolite of most toxic aflatoxin AFB 1 in dairy animal feed •AFM 1 much less toxic, but possible cancer risk and immune system dysfunction •AFM 1 in dairy products worldwide often exceed US
Aflatoxin in Coffee
Aflatoxin is produced by some strains of three species of Aspergillus: the very common A flavus and A parasiticus and the less common A wentii Interestingly, many species, including species in other genera, produce sterigmatocystin, an aflatoxin pre-cursor which is also toxic and carcinogenic About 20–30 of A flavus isolates produce
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