VOLTAIRE - Webs
father’s adamant wishes that Voltaire be a lawyer, throughout law school Voltaire wrote essays and poetry Voltaire became known for writ-ing controversial material In 1717 he was imprisoned for one of his works which criticized an aristocrat During his year-long sentence, he wrote his fi rst play, Oedipus, and offi cially ad-opted his pen
Candide Voltaire - The Write Direction
1717, here he recast Oedipe, began the Henriade and decided to change his name Ever after his exit from the Bastille in April 1718 he was known as Arouet de Voltaire, or simply Voltaire, though legally he never aban-doned his patronymic The origin of the name has been much debated and attempts have been made to show that it existed in the Daumart
Voltaire’s Candide: A Discussion Guide
• For five months in 1716, Voltaire was forced into exile from Paris He was imprisoned in the Bastille, a famous prison in Paris, from 1717 to 1718 • In 1718, at age twenty-four, Voltaire wrote his first play, a tragedy titled Oedipe, which gained him fame • Voltaire became wealthy in 1726 He also again spent time in the Bastille in
A Plea for Rei igious Understanding and Tolerance 36 Voltaire
Born into a well-to-do Parisian bourgeois family, Voltaire published his first work, the tragic drama Oedipus, in 1717 In the next sixty-one years he wrote thousands of poems, histories, satires, novels, short stories, essays, and reviews The European reading public avidly bought his works, making him one of the
Voltaire - sevies
Voltaire Candide is Voltaire’s most famous work It is a bit-ing and humorous attack on the French royal court and the power of the Catholic clergy Discuss: In what ways did Voltaire hope to reform society? What ideas did he speak against? Voltaire was popular in Paris Enlightenment salons, such as this one, for his witty humor and forward
Voltaire - Weebly
Voltaire was born, perhaps on Nov 21, 1694, in Paris He was ostensibly the youngest of the three surviving children of François Arouet and Marie Marguerite Daumand, although Voltaire claimed to be the "bastard of Rochebrune," a minor poet and songwriter Voltaire's mother died when he was seven years old, and he was then drawn to his sister
The Enlightenment in France
Unfortunately for Voltaire, however, his fun at the expense of the Duc d’Orléans proved offensive to the nobleman and led to Voltaire’s banishment from France and later imprisonment in the Bastille in 1717 Despite his run-in with the law, Voltaire became one of the most prominent philosophes of his
Jürgen von Stackelberg Voltaire
Philipp von Orléans, verspottet wurde, kam Voltaire 1717 in die Bastille Er blieb elf Monate in Haft, nutzte aber die Zeit, um sein Epos über Henri Quatre, die spätere Henriade zu be-ginnen, die er bald nach Verlassen des Staatsgefängnisses voll-endete und die ihn ebenso berühmt machen sollte wie sein Ödi-pus-Drama Auch dieses stammt
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Voltaire Lifespan 1717-1783 1748-1832 1738-1794 1713-1784 1711-1776 1724-1804 1632-1704 1689-1755 1712-1778 1723-1790 1694-1778 Nationality French English Italian French Scottish E Prussian English French French English French Key Work Encyclopedia The Principles of Morals and Legislation Crimes and Punishment Encyclopedia
Fiche de lecture de Candide - AlloSchool
pamphlets mordants, Voltaire combat inlassablement pour la liberté, la justice et le triomphe de la raison (affaires Calas, Sirven, chevalier de la Barre) En 1778 il retourne enfin à Paris, à l'Académie et à la Comédie Française, mais épuisé par son triomphe, il y meurt peu de temps après Voltaire laisse une œuvre considérable
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158 A World in Transition
A Plea for Rei igious
Understanding and Tolerance
36 ... Voltaire/ TREATISE ON TOLERATION
Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), better known by his pen name, Voltaire, combined wit, literary elegance, and a passionate social conscience in a long liter ary career that best represents the values and spirit of the Age of Enlightenment. Born into a well-to-do Parisian bourgeois family, Voltaire published his first work, the tragic drama Oedipus, in 1717. In the next sixty-one years he wrote thousands of poems, histories, satires, novels, short stories, essays, and reviews. The European reading public avidly bought his works, making him one of the first authors to make a large fortune through the sale ofhis writings. Although Voltaire's enormous output and popularity ensured his influence on the Enlightenment at many different levels, one particular contribution stands out: his devotion to the principles of toleration and freedom of thought. Voltaire was convinced that throughout history, the intolerance of organized religions, not just Christianity, had caused much of the world's suffering. He was angered that even in the "enlightened" eighteenth century, Protestant-Catholic enmity still resulted in episodes such as the torture and execution of Jean Calas, a French Protestant convicted unjustly of murdering his son, supposedly after learning of the son's intent to become a Catholic. Voltaire's devotion to toleration is revealed in the following selection, taken from his Treatise on Toleration, written in 1763 in response to the execution of Calas,QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS 1. Does Voltaire believe that intolerance is a special trait ofChristianity or that it
characterizes other organized religions as well? 2. What point is Voltaire trying to make in his reference to the various dialects of the Italian language? 3.What does Voltaire suggest as the essence ofa
truly religious person?4. What attitude toward humankind does Voltaire express in the "Prayer to
God"?5. What does the excerpt tell us about Voltaire's views of the nature ofGod?
OF UNIVERSAL TOLERANCE
my brother? the Chineses the Jew, the Siamese?Yes, of course; are we not all
the children of oneNo great art or studied eloquence is needed to
father and creatures of the same God? prove that Christians should tolerate one anBut these people despise us; they call us idola
other. I go even further and declare that we must tors!Then I'll tell them they are quite wrong. I
look upon all men as our brothers. But the Turk, think I could at least shock the proud obstinacy Chapter 5 EuropeandtheAmericasinanAgeof Science, EconomicGrowth,andRevolution 159 of an imam! if I said to them something like rhis: This little globe, norhing more than a point, rolls in space like so many orher globes; we are losr in rhis imrnensits. Man, some five feet tall, is surely a very small part of the universe. One of rhese imperceprible beings says to some of his neighbors in Arabia or Africa: "Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlighrened me: there are nine hundred million Iittle ants like us on the earth, bur only my anthill is beloved ofGod; He will hold all orhers in horror through
all ererniry; only mine will be blessed, the others will be erernally wretched." Ar that, rhey would cur me short and ask whar fool made that stupid remark. I would be obliged to reply, "You yourselves."Then I would
try to mollify them; bur that would nor be easy.I would speak now to rhe Chrisrians and dare
say, for example, to a Dominican Inquisitor," "My brorher, you know that every province in Italy has irs dialect, and people in Venice and Bergamo speak differently from those in Florence. The Academy della Crusca ' has srandardized the lan guage; irs dicrionary is an inescapable aurhoriry, and Buonrnattei's" grammar is an absolure and infallible guide; bur do you believe that rhe head of rhe Academy and in his absence, Buonmarrei, would have been able in all good conscience to cur our the tongues of all those from Venice andBergamo who persisred in using rheir own
dialect?"The Inquisiror replies: "There is a grear differ
ence; here it's a quesrion of your salvarion. It's for your own good rhe Director of theInquisirion
orders that you be seized on the resrimony of a single person, no matter how infamous or crimi nal he may be; rhat you have no lawyer to defend you; rhar rhe very name of your accuser be unknown to you; that rhe Inquisitor promise 'In [his conrexr, a Muslim prayer leader ar a mosque. 'A Carholic official responsible for uncovering and punish ing erroneous belief, or heresy. you grace and then condemn you; that you undergo five different degrees of torture and then be whipped or sent to the galleys, or cere moniously burned at rhe srake....I would take the liberty of replying: "My
. brother, perhaps you are right: I am convinced that you wish me well, but couldn't I be saved wi thout all that?'To be sure, these horrible absurdiries do nor
soil rhe face of the earth everyday, bur they are frequent enough, and a whole volume could eas ily be written abour them much longer than theGospels
which condemn them. Nor only is it very cruel to persecure in rhis brief exisrence of ours rhose who differ from us in opinion, bur I am afraid it is being bold indeed to pronounce rheir eternal damnarion.It hardly seems fitting
for us atoms of the moment, for rhar is all we are, to presume to know in advance the decrees of our own Creator.Oh, secrarians of a merciful God, if you had a
cruel heart, if, while adoringHim whose only law
consisrs in the words: "LoveGod and rhy neigh
bor as rhyself (Luke X, 27)," you had overloaded rhis pure and holy law with sophisms and in comprehensible disputarions; if you had lighted the rorch of discord either over a new word ora single letter of the alphaber; if you had made erernal punishment rhe penalty for the omission of a few words or ceremonies which orher narions could nor know abour, I would say to you, as I wepr in compassion for mankind: "Transport yourselves wirh me to the day when all men will be judged and whenGod will do unto each man
according to his works." "I see all the dead of all centuries, past and present, appear before His presence. Are you quire sure that our Creator and Farher will say to rhe wise and virtuous Confucius, to Solon rhe law-giver, to Pyrhagoras, Zaleucus, Socrares, andPlato,
to the divine Antoninus, good Trajan, and3The Florentine Academy of Letters, founded in 1582.
4A seventeenth-century Italian grammarian.160 A World in Transition
Titus, the flowering of mankind, to Epictetus Thou didst nor give us hearts that we should and so many orher model men:" "Go, you mon hate each other or hands that we should cur each seers; go and suffer punishment, limitless in other's throats. Grant that we may help each time and intensity, eternal as I am eternal. And other bear the burden of our painful and brief you, my beloved, Jean Chatel, Ravaillac, Damilives; that the slight difference in the clothing ens, Cartouche, etc.," who died according to the with which we cover our puny bodies, in our in prescribed formulas, share forever at my right adequate tongues, in all our ridiculous customs, hand my empire and my felicity." in all our imperfect laws, in all our insensate You draw back in horror from these words, opinions, in all our stations in life so dispropor and since they escaped me, I have no more to say. tionate in our eyes but so equal in Thy sight, that all these little variations that differentiate the atoms called man, may not be the signals for hatred and persecutionPRAYER TO GOD
Mayall men remember that they are brothers;
I no longer address myself to men,
but to thee, may they hold in horror tyranny that is exercisedGod of all beings, all worlds,
and all ages. If over souls, just as they hold in execration the indeed it is allowable for feeble creatures, lost in brigandage that snatches away by force the fruits immensity and imperceptible to the rest of the of labor and peaceful industry.If the scourge of
universe, to dare ask anything of Thee who hast war is inevitable, let us not hate each other, let
given all things, whose decrees are as immutable us not tear each other apart in the lap of peace;
as they are eternal, deign to look with compas but let us use the brief moment of our existence sion upon the failings inherent in our nature, in blessing in a thousand different tongues, from and grant that these failings lead us not into Siam to California, Thy goodness which has calamity. bestowed this moment upon us. I"These were moralists, enlightened political leaders, and 6Fivenotorious criminals from Voltaire's day.
philosophers who had lived before the coming of Chris tianity.