Cosmology deals with the physical situation that is the context in the large for human existence: the universe has such a nature that our life is possible.
This means that although it is a physical science, it is of particular importance in terms of its implications for human life..
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the universe.
It also includes the study of the nature of the universe on a large scale.
In its earliest form, it was what is now known as "celestial mechanics", the study of the heavens..
Cosmology studies how the history of the universe led to the stars, galaxies, and other features we can observe today.
Cosmology is the study of the origin, development, structure, history, and future of the entire universe.
In modern science, cosmology is divided into two branches..
Thus, looking for a cosmological model accommodating both the tensions is not a cup of tea.
Nevertheless, curious minds never stop at any point and as a result it has been argued that in some extended cosmological models beyond CDM, one can simultaneously tackle this problem [554{561].
In this paper we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as:
1.
Cosmological Fitting and Averaging Problems The cosmological principle stipulates that there is a length scale beyond which the Universe appears as being approximately spatially homogeneous and isotropic.
While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model.
