Society during sultanate period

The Sultanate of Aceh, officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam, was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh.
It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline.
Its capital was Kutaraja, the present-day Banda Aceh.

The Adal Sultanate, the Adal Empire, the ʿAdal, or the Bar Saʿad dīn was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa.
It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on the Harar plateau in Adal after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.
The kingdom flourished c. 1415 to 1577.
At its height, the polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from Cape Guardafui in Somalia to the port city of Suakin in Sudan.
The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the Ottoman Empire.
Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the federation of Zeila.

The Ajuran Sultanate, also natively referred to as Ajuuraan, and often simply Ajuran, was a Somali Empire in the Middle Ages in the Horn of Africa that dominated the trade in the northern Indian ocean.
They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages.
Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Empire successfully resisted an Oromo incursion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars.
Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa.

The Johor Sultanate was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shah's son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.
Prior to being a sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese conquered its capital in 1511.
At its height, the sultanate controlled areas in what is now modern-day Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, territories stretching from the rivers of Klang to the Linggi and Tanjung Tuan, respectively situated in the states of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca, Singapore, Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay peninsula, the Karimun islands, the islands of Bintan, Bulang, Lingga and Bunguran, and Bengkalis, Kampar and Siak in Sumatra.
During the colonial era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch, thus breaking up the sultanate into Johor and Riau.
In 1946, the British section became part of the Malayan Union.
Two years later, it joined the Federation of Malaya and subsequently, the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.
In 1949, the Dutch section became part of Indonesia.

The Majeerteen Sultanate, or Majerteen Kingdom also known as Majeerteenia and Migiurtinia, was a Somali kingdom centered in the Horn of Africa.
Ruled by Boqor Osman Mahamuud during its golden age, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now called Puntland.
The earliest mention of the kingdom is the 16th century.
The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network.
It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.

The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces, Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region.
Its known historical influence stretches from the peninsula of Zamboanga to the bay of Sarangani.
During the era of European colonization, the Sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders.

The Sultanate of the Geledi also known as the Gobroon dynasty was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the late-17th century to the early 20th century.
The Sultanate was governed by the Gobroon dynasty.
It was established by the Geledi soldier Ibrahim Adeer, who had defeated various vassals of the Ajuran Sultanate and elevated the Gobroon to wield significant political power.
Following Mahamud Ibrahim's consolidation, the dynasty reached its apex under Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, who successfully modernized the Geledi economy and eliminated regional threats with the Conquest of Bardera in 1843, and would go on to receive tribute from Said bin Sultan the ruler of the Omani Empire.
Geledi Sultans had strong regional ties and built alliances with the Pate and Witu Sultanates on the Swahili coast.
Trade and Geledi power would continue to remain strong until the death of the well known Sultan Ahmed Yusuf in 1878.
The sultanate was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1911.

The Sultanate of Zanzibar, also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964.
The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and after a period of decline, the state had sovereignty over only the Zanzibar Archipelago and a 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) strip along the Kenyan coast, with the interior of Kenya constituting the British Kenya Colony and the coastal strip administered as a de facto part of that colony.