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Enzymes
Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, meaning that they speed the reactions up. Each enzyme recognizes one or more substrates, the molecules that serve as starting material for the reaction it catalyzes. Different enzymes participate in different types of reactions and may break down, link up, or rearrange their substrates.
Hormones
Hormones are long-distance chemical signals released by endocrine cells (like the cells of your pituitary gland). They control specific physiological processes, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. While some hormones are steroid-based (see the article on lipids), others are proteins. These protein-based hormones are commonly called peptide hormones.
Introduction
We tend to think of protein as a mass noun: a homogeneous substance, something that your diet should contain in a certain proportion. But if you ever work in a molecular biology lab (say, for a summer internship), protein may start to look very different to you.
Overview
Different types of proteins. The structure and properties of amino acids. Formation of peptide bonds.
Types and functions of proteins
Proteins can play a wide array of roles in a cell or organism. Here, we’ll touch on a few examples of common protein types that may be familiar to you, and that are important in the biology of many organisms (including us).
What are the 4 types of molecules in biochemistry?
The 4 main classes of molecules in biochemistry (often called biomolecules) are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Many biological molecules are polymers:
in this terminology
monomers are relatively small macromolecules that are linked together to create large macromolecules known as polymers.
What is Biochemistry Chemistry?
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields:
structural biology
enzymology
and metabolism.
Who were some early biochemists?
Emil Fischer, who studied the chemistry of proteins, and F. Gowland Hopkins, who studied enzymes and the dynamic nature of biochemistry, represent two examples of early biochemists.
Chemical group (–CH₃) derived from methane
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula chemf nowrap>CH3. In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bounded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond, it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion, methylium cation or methyl radical. The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed.
Biochemistry group names
A group consisting of phosphorus and oxygen
A phosphoryl group is a trivalent chemf nowrap>>P(=O)− group, consisting of a phosphorus atom and an oxygen atom, where the three free valencies are on the phosphorus atom. While commonly depicted as possessing a double bond (P=O) the bonding is in fact non-classical.
Chemical group (–CH₃) derived from methane
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula chemf nowrap>CH3. In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bounded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond, it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion, methylium cation or methyl radical. The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed.
A phosphoryl group is a trivalent chemf nowrap>>P(=
A group consisting of phosphorus and oxygen
A phosphoryl group is a trivalent chemf nowrap>>P(=O)− group, consisting of a phosphorus atom and an oxygen atom, where the three free valencies are on the phosphorus atom. While commonly depicted as possessing a double bond (P=O) the bonding is in fact non-classical.
