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AGLOSSARY

OF

BOTANICTERMS

WITHTHEIRDERIVATIONANDACCENT

BY

BENJAMINDAYDONJACKSON

LONDONDUCKWORTH&CO.

PHILADELPHIA:J.B.LIPPINCOTTCOMPANY

1900

CONTENTS

Pages v-xiPREFACE

PlanoftheWork....xii

GLOSSARY......1-294

AdditionsduringPrinting...295-319

APPENDIX -

A.SignsandAbbreviations.....322

B.ThePronunciationofLatinandLatinizedWords.322

C.TheUseoftheTerms"Right"and"Left"..323

D.Bibliography.....324-326

ERRATA......327

"Everyotherauthoutmayaspireto praise,thelexicographercanonlyhope toescapereproach."

DeSamuelJohnson.

PEEFACE

Nearlythirty-nineyearsagoDrM.C.Cookepublishedhis

"Manual,''whichreachedasecondeditionnineyearsafterwards. SincethennobotanicdictionaryhasbeenpublishedinBritain, whileduringtheperiodwhichhaspassedsincethenbotanyhas undergoneamomentouschange.Whilesystematicbotanyhas beenactivelyprosecuted,theotherdepartmentsofmorphology, physiologyandminuteanatomyhavebeenenergeticallypursued bythehelpofimprovedappliancesandmethodsofinvestigation. Oneresulthasbeenalargeincreaseoftechnicalterms,whichare onlypartiallyaccountedforinthevarioustext-books.Thetime seemedthereforeripeforanewGlossarywhichshouldinclude theseterms,and,encouragedbythehelpofmanybotanicfriends,

Ihavedrawnupthepresentvolume.Aftertheworkhadbeen

partlywritten,andannouncedforpublication,MrCrozier's "Dictionary"firstcameundermynotice.Ihaveconsequently compareditwithmymanuscript,andinsertedmanywordswhich hadnotcomewithinmyknowledge,orhadbeenrejectedbyme, aswillbeseenbytheacknowledgmentineachcase.MrHeinig's "Glossary"onlyreachedLondonaftertheearlysheetswere printed.

Thetaskofselectingwhattermsshouldbeincludedinany

branchofscienceofiersmanydifiiculties:inthecaseofbotany, itiscloselylinkedonwithzoologyandgeneralbiology,with geologyasregardsfossilplants,withpharmacy,chemistry,and thecultivationofplantsinthegardenorthefield.Howfarit isadvisabletoincludetermsfromthoseoverlappingsciences whichlieontheborderlandisaquestiononwhichnotwo peoplemightthinkalike.Ihavegiveneverywordanindepen- dentexamination,soastotakeinallwhichseemedneedful, all,infact,whichmightbefairlyexpected,andyettoexclude technicaltermswhichreallybelongtoanotherscience.Words

PREFACE

incommonusefrequentlyhavetechnicalmeanings,andmustbe included;othertechnicalwordsareforeigntobotany,andmust beexcluded.Thus"entire"mustbedefinedinitsbotanic sense,andsuchpurelygeologictermsasTriassicandPleistocene mustbepassedby.Thetotalnumberofrarealkaloidsand similarbodiesrecordedinpharmacologicandchemicalworks,if included,wouldhaveextendedthisGlossarytoaninconvenient size;Ihavethereforeonlyenumeratedthosebestknownorof morefrequentmentioninliterature,orinterestingforspecial reasons.Manywordsonlytobefoundindictionarieshavebeen passedby;eachdictionaryIhaveconsultedcontainswordsap- parentlypeculiartoit,andsomehavebeensuspectedofbeing purposelycoinedtoroundoflfasetofterms.

ThefoundationsofthelistherepresentedareA.Gray's

"BotanicalText-Book,''Lindley's"Glossary,"andHenslow's "Dictionary,"assetforthintheBibliography.Totheseterms havebeenaddedothersextantinthevariousmoderntext-books andcurrentliterature,notedinthecourseofreading,orfound byspecialsearch.TheabstractspublishedintheJournalofthe RoyalMicroscopicalSocietyhaveaffordedmanyEnglishequivalents offoreignterms.Indrawingupdefinitions,thetermsusedto denotecolourwerefoundtobesodiscordantthatIwascompelled tomakeaspecialstudyofthatdepartment,andtheresultwillbe foundintheJowrnalofBotany,xxxvii.(1899)97-105,wherearealso notedsomeunusualcolour-termsnotbroughtintothepresentwork. ThetotalnumbersincludedinthisGlossaryamounttonearly

15,000,thatis,nearlythreetimesasmanyasinanyotherprevious

workinthelanguage.Thederivationshavebeencarefully checked,butasthisbookhasnopretensiontobeaphilological work,thehistoryofthewordisnotattempted;thusin"etiolate" Ihavecontentedmyselfwithgivingtheproximatederivation, whilstthegreatOxforddictionarycitesahostofintermediate formsdeducedfromstipella.Themeaningappendedtotherootsis naturallyaroughone,fortorenderadequatelyallthatmaybe conveyedbymanyoftherootsismanifestlyimpossiblewhena singlewordmustserve.Theaccenthasbeenaddedinaccordance withthebestdiscoverableusage;wherepronunciationvariesI

PREFACE

havetriedtofollowthebestusage;insomewordssuchas "medullary"Ihavegiventheaccentasitisalwaysspoken,though allthedictionaries,exceptHenslow's,accentitas"med'ullary." Whenwordshavebecomethoroughlyanglicised,itwouldhavebeen merepedantrytoaccentthemotherwise;wesayor'ator,notasin Latin,ora'tor.Theaccentdoesnotimplysyllabicdivision,but whentheaccentimmediatelyfollowsavowel,thatvowelislong ; ifoneormoreconsonantsintervene,thenthevowelisshort;thus ca'nus,cas'sus,asthoughtheywereprintedca-nus,cds-sm;inafew instancesthepronunciationisalsogivenwhenthewordwould otherwisebedoubtfulastosound.

Thewordhavinggrownsomuchundermyhands,ithasbeen

mydutytocondensethedefinitions,adifficultmatterinmany cases,whenalongerexplanationwouldhavebeenfareasierto drawup.ItrustthatIhaveineachcasesucceededinsettingout themainorcentralmeaning,butmanywritershavetheirown modifiedorrestrictedmeaningofevenwell-knownterms.Tostill furthereconomisespace,wordsdrawnfromthesameleadingword havebeengroupedintoparagraphs,thusobviatingthenecessityof repeatingtheleadingwordwithitsmeaningmanytimesover,and onlyrequiringtheadditionalroottobegiven;occasionallythis hasledtotheintentionalneglectofstrictalphabeticsequence. Thenamesofgroupsofplantshavegivenmuchtrouble;whilstall proposedtermsmanifestlycouldnotbeincluded,manyhavebe- comesooftenquotedastodemandrecognition;asaruleIhave notadmittedgroupsofevenordinalvalue,stilllessoflowerrank. Compoundtermshavebeenleftoutwhenintermediatebetweenthe meaningoftheprimitives;thoseincludedseemtorequiremention onspecialgrounds. Authors'namesinparentheses,followingdefinitions,arethose whohavebeentakenasauthorityforsuchdefinition,andwhen theactuallanguageisused,itisindicatedbyquotationmarks ; theauthoritysometimescoincideswiththeinventoroftheterm.

Substantivesintheheadingshavebeenshownbytheuseofa

capitalletter,adjectivesandotherpartsofspeechbyasmallletter ; exceptionsbeingadjectivesdrawnfromapropernameas"Dar- winian,"andthosewhichformpartofsuchtermsas"Conjoint

PREFACE

Bundle."Greekisquotedintheoriginalcharacters,Latinin italic,orwhereotherwiseitwouldbedoubtful,itisindicated;this isfurtherexplainedonthepagefacingpage1oftheGlossary;the useofsmallcapitalsrefersthereadertothewordsoprintedfor adefinitionoftheterm,ortoacorrelativeterm. TheAppendixeshardlyneedanydetailedexplanation;itwill beseenthattheBibliographyisaselectedlistofworkschiefly inalphabeticform,arrangedchronologically.Generaldictionaries, andlargeworksinwhichtechnicaltermsformonlyasmallpro- portionofthewhole,havebeenomitted. Theprogressoftheworkthroughthepresshasoccupiedtwelve months;advantagehasbeentakenofthistorecordnewterms whichhavebeenpublishedduringthattime,aswellasthosecon- tributedbyfriendsfromobscuresources,somepreviouslyrejected, andafewwhichhadbeenoverlooked;manyinthelastcategory aredirectlyduetothedefectiveindexesincertainstandardworks.

Noattempthasbeenmadetobringthebookbeyondthedateof

1stJanuary1900,butIhavedonemybesttoincludeallvalid

termsuptothefirstdayofthisyear. Thepleasanttasknowremainsofacknowledgingmostheartily andgratefullytheinvaluablehelpIhavederivedfromahostof friendsduringtheprogressofthework.DrD.H.Scott,F.R.S., notonlyencouragedmetoundertakethelabour,buthasalways beenreadytohelpwithhisadvice,andhasreadapartofthe proofs;MrA.Gbpp,oftheBritishMuseum,hasreadthewhole inproofandpartinrevise;hehassparedneithertimenortroubleto ascertainthecorrectnessofthederivationsandaccentsthroughout, aswellasinthespecialbranchofdescriptivebotanywhichisunder hischarge;ProfessorHaktog,D.Sc,ofCork,hashadtheentire proofthroughhishands,andhasimprovedmanydefinitions;

MrH.H.W.Pearsonhasreadnearlyalltheslip-proof,sug-

gestedimprovements,andhelpedinthecompilationofthework inmanyways.TothesefourgentlemenIamespeciallyindebted fortheirkindlyundertakingaverytroublesomeandirksometask.

OtherfriendsatKewandtheBritishMuseumhavealso

generouslyaidedmeinresponsetoquestionswhendraftingthe manuscript.MrG.Massee,MrC.B.Clarke,F.R.S.,andDr

PREFACE

OttoStapfhaveconstantlybeenunderrequisition;MrI.H.

BuKKiLL,Mr0.H.Weight,MrG.Murray,F.E.S.,andMr

N.E.Brown,havegivenmehelpwiththegreatestreadiness

andkindness;otherspecialiststowhomIhaveoccasionallyap- pealed,andneverinvain,areMrJ.G.Baker,F.E.S.,Professor

I.B.Balfour,r.R.S.,MrL.Boodle,DrH.T.Brown,F.E.S.,

MrF.Darwin,F.R.S.,MrF.Escombe,ProfessorJ.B.Farmer,

MrW.B.Hemsley,F.R.S.,MrE.A.Eolfe,MrE.S.Salmon,

ProfessorJ.W.H.Trail,F.R.S.,andProfessorH.M.Ward,

F.E.S.Toeachandallmyindebtednessfortheirkindnessisgreat, thevalueofthisGlossarybeinglargelyduetotheirreadyaid. Thisdoesnotexhaustthelistofhelperswhohavekindlyanswered singlequestionsonspecialpoints. IneveryvolumeofsimilarcharactertothiswhichIhavehad toconsult,Ihavefounderrors,sometimesnumerous,occasionally serious.Thismuchlargervolumeoffersagreaterchanceof error,anditwouldbevainformetoexpecttoescapescathless. StillItrustthatcomparativelyfewerrorswillbefound;someare likelytobeduetoaccidents,asthatonp.76,where"helicoid"is printed"Delicoid,"fromthemisunderstandingofamarkinthe press-proof;thewordwascorrectlyspelledinbothproofand revise.

Ihopethatthevolumewillbeusefultothestudentandthe

expert;totheformerassupplyingaconcisedefinition,without pretendingtosupplantthefullerinformationofthetext-book;to thelatteractingasareminderofsomeobscureterm,orword employedinaspecialsense.IfIhavesucceededinthismyaim, Ishallhavereasontobegladattheresultofnearlytwoyears' continuouslabour,andmaylookforwardatsomefuturetimeto improvethework.

B.DAYDONJACKSON.

Clapham,10thApril190.0.

EXPLANATION

Headingsinblacktype;substantivesareshownbytheuseofaninitialcapital letter;adjectivesandadverbsbytheuseofasmallinitialletter (exceptionsareexplainedinthepreface);thesign~isusedtoavoid repetitionoftheheading;JwasusedbyLindleytodenoteaword whichisobsoleteorimproperlyformed,andisusedhereforun- doubtedlyobsoleteterms. LatinwordsareshownbybeinginItalicwherepracticable,elsewherebythe abbreviationLat.appended;otherlanguagesareindicatedbyFr,for

French,Ger.orGerm,forGerman,Ital.forItalian.

Cross-referencesinsmallcapitalsareemployedtosparerepeateddefini- tions;theyareusuallyprecededbythesignofequality,=,When variantsdonotdiffersavebythetermination,thatonlyisgiven,but iftheaccentvaries,theyarespelledoutinfull.Afewwell-known abbreviationsarealsoemployed,suchasdissyll.fordissyllable,pr.for pronounced,andthelike.

GLOSSARY

BOTANICTERMS

a,privative;inGreekcompounds = without,asapetalous,without petals;modifiedintoan-oram- foreuphony. ab(Lat.),from;asabnormal,a deviationfromrule. abax'ial{ab,axis,anaxle);(1)ap- pliedtoanembryowhichisoutof theaxisoftheseedbyone-sided thicknessofthealbumen;(2)the sideofalateralorganawayfrom theaxis. abbre'viated,abhrevia'tus,shortened, aswhenonepartisshorterthan another;Abbrevia'tion,a,selection ofthosemostfrequentlyusedwill befoundintheAppendix. aber'rant,aher'ra'm{aberro,Igo astray),diflferingfromusualstruc- ture,departingfromthetype.

Aberra'tion,non-typicalstructure.

abiet'lc{Abies,afir-tree),usedof certainconiferousproductswhich arenotexclusivelyfromAbies;~

Anliy'dride,theresininturpentine

; ~Ac'id,acompoundofthelastwith water,formingalargeproportion oftheconstituentsoffrankincense: Ab'letln,resinfromAbiespectinata,DC,andAb'letite,asugarfrom theleavesofthesamespecies ; ableti'nus(Lat.,madeoffir),ap- pliedtocryptogamswhich(1)growonfirs,or(2)resemblea fir-treeinhabit,asAlsiaabietina,

SuUiv.

Ablogen'esls(a,not;/Sios,life;y4ve beginning),spontaneousgenera- tion;theassumedoriginofliving organismsfromnon-livingmatter.

Abjeo'tion{abjectio,throwingaway),

eastingoffsporesfromasporo- phore. abjolnt'(a6-I-joint),todelimitby septaorjoints;ahybridword.

Abjnnc'tion{abjunctus,unyoked),

cuttingoffsporesonportionsof growinghyphaebysepta.

Ablacta'tion{ablacto,Iwean),in-

arching.

Ablaquea'tlon,Ablaquea'tio,loosening

thesoilroundtrees. ablast'lc(a,not;^Xacrrbs,abudor shoot),appliedtopartsofaflower orotherorganwhichhavenotbeen developed;ablas'tous,withoutgerm orbud.

Abuoda'tlon(abnodo,toclearofknots),

cuttingawayknotsfromtrees. abnorm'al,abnorma'lis{dbnormis,ir- regular),deviatingfromrule,aswhenstamensareoppositethe petalsinsteadofbeingalternate. aborig'inal(ah,from;origo,asource), indigenous;notintroduced.

Abor'tton{abortio,amiscarriage),

non-formationorincompletionof apart;abort'lve,aborti'vus,im- perfectlydeveloped,asabortive stamenswhenfilamentsonly ; abort'iens,becomingabortive. abra'ded,abra'sus,rubbedorscraped off abrupt',ahrup'tus,suddenlyending asthoughbrokenoff;abrupt'ly- acu'minate,havingapointarising fromabroadextremity; - pln'nate, apinnateleafendingwith»pair ofleaflets.

Ab'scisa-lay'er,alayerofseparation,

especiallywithreferencetothe phenomenaofdefoliation.

Abscis'sion(abscissus,cutoff),detach-

mentofsporesfromasporophore bythedisappearanceofaconnect- ingzone. 1

Absintliicacetabullform

AbBinth'lo,referringtoArtemisia

Absinthium,Linn.;Absinth'in,a

bitterprincipleobtainedfromthe same. ab'Bolute(a6soZM'ft(S,p6rfeot,complete), actual,theoppositeofrelative. Theabsolutedirectionofanembryomaybeinverted,buterectrela- tivelytothecarpel.

Absorp'tion{absorp'tio,abeverage),

theactofimbibingliquidsorgases.

Abstrle'tlon{ab,from,strictus,drawn

together),atermwhichcoversboth

AbjunctionandAbscission.

acalyca'lls(a,not;(cdXul,acup);(1) havingnocalyx;(2)havingnoad- hesiontothecalyx;acal'yclne, acalyc'inous,acaXyci'nus,acal'ycis, destituteofcalyx. acana'ceous{aKavos,athistle-head;-I- aceous),pricklyplants,suchas thistles.

Acanth'a,Aoau'thon{axavSa,athorn),

aspineorprickle;acantha'eeous (+aceous),(1)armedwithprickles ; (2)belongingtothenaturalorder

Acantha'ceae,thetypicalgenus

heingAcanth'iis,TouTn;aoanth'lne, pertainingtothatgenus;acau- thocarp'ous{Kapiros,fruit),having spinyfruit;acanthocla'dous{kKdSos, abranch),acanthoda'dus,with spinybranches;acanthoph'orouB, (ipipu},Ibear),acanthoph'orus, spine-bearing;acantbop'odous(ttous, iroSos,afoot),havingpetioleor pedunclefurnishedwithspinesor prickles;Acanth'ospUeres(cr(/>ai/)a, asphere),ciliatedbodiesinthe cellsofNitella,termed"Staohel- kiigeln"bytheGermans.

Acaro-doma'tla(Acarv^,thetypical

genusofmites;Su/jAriov,alittle house),formationsonplantsadapted toshelterAcariwhenofserviceto thehost. acarp'ous(a,not,xa/jiros,fruit),des- tituteoffruit. aeaxilesc'ent,acaulesc'eiis,becoming stemless;acaul'lne,acaul'ose, acaul'ous,acavl'is,stemlessor seeminglyso.Acaulo'sia,abnor- maldeficiencyofstem. aecess'ory{accessio,somethingadded), anadditionorappendage;-Buds, thoseadditionaltotheaxillaryand normalbuds,andfrequentlyas- sumingtheirfunction;-Branches, thosewhichspringfromthefore- going;~Cell,thesister-cellofa guard-cellofastoma;~Fruits, partswhichareconspicuousbut formnopartofthepistil,asthe enlargedtorusofthestrawberry, apseudo-carp;~Gonid'ia,forma- tionsoccurringinMucorinibesides thetypicalgonidia. acoident'al=adventitious. acci'sus(Lat.)denotesanendhaving anacutesinusbetweentworounded angles.

Accommoda'tion{accommodatio,an

adjustment)Adaptation. aocreso'ent,accresc'ens,increasingin sizewithage,asthecalyxofsome plantsafterflowering. accrete'[accre'tus,growntogether), agglutinate,naturallygrafted.

Accre'tion,Accre'tio,(1)growingto

oneanother;(2)increasebyaddi- tionofparticlestotheoutside, accumb'ent,accumh'ens,lyingagainst anotherbody;~Cotyle'dons,those havingtheiredgesagainstthe radicle,thuso= . aoellera'tus(Lat.),somewhatacerose.

Acen'ium

=

Achbnb.

aceph'alous,aceph'cdus(a,without ; Ke^dMi,ahead),headless;usedforanovarywhichisnotterminatedbythestigma,asinLabiatae. acePic,pr.a-ser'-ik,pertainingtothe genusAcer,theMapleorSycamore. a'oerose,a'oerous,acero'sus{acer, sharp),needle-shaped,likethe leavesofPinus;Acero'sae,atermproposedbyA.Braunforthe Coniferae.^aoer'vate(acervus,aheap),heapedup;Aoer'TtQUB(Lat.,alittleheap), pi.Aoer'viill,smallclusters,asofFungiappearingonbarkorleaves. acetab'ullform,acetabuUform'is(Ace-tabulum,acuporvinegarcruet ; forma,shape),saucer-shaped,used ofthefructificationofsomelichens; acetabulousacondylous aoetab'iUouB,acetahu'leus,acetabu- lo'susarevariationsinformofthe word;Acetabulum(Lat.)there- ceptacleofsomeFungi. aceta'rlous{acetaria,vegetableswith vinegar),relatingtosaladherbs;

Ac'etary,Grew'stermforsalading.

ace'tic,pertainingtovinegar,ace- tum;~Fermenta'tion,oxidationof alcoholicliquids,causedbythe compoundFungus,popularlyknown as"MotherofVinegar,"Bacte- riumxylinum,A.J.Brown;ac'e- tose,aceto'aus,sour,acid. -a'ceus,aLatinsuflfixofresemblance, asfolia'ceus,leaf-like;inEnglish itbecomes-aceous.

Acliae'na,Achae'nium,=Achenb.

Achae'nocarp(axai'Tjs,notgaping

;

Kapirhs,fruit),orAche'nocarp,any

dryindehiscentfruit.

Aohascophy'tuni(a,privative,xdffKu,

Iopen,(pvTov,aplant),aplant

withindehiscentfruit. acheil'ary(a,without;x^^'^i^ lip),wantingalip,assomeOrchids.

Achene,pr.a-ken',Ache'nium[a,not

;

Xatvoi,Igape),asmall,hard,dry,

indehiscentfruit,strictlyofone freecarpelasinthebuttercup ; occasionallyconsistingofmorethan onecarpelasinComposites,inthe lattercasewithadnatecalyx.Also speltAkene,Ake'nium,etc.;Aoheno'- dlvun,adoubleachene,asthecre- mocarpofUmbelliferae. aclilamyd'eous,achlamyd'eus{a,with- out;xXa/xi)s,acloak),destituteof perianth,asinwillows.

Achyropliy'tiim(dxvpov,chaff;cpwov,

aplant),aplantwithglumaceous flowers,asgrasses. achromat'ic(a,without;XP^M") colour);(1)withoutcolour,ach- roous;(2)notreadilytakingcolour; .~Spindle,thethread-likeproto- plasmicfiguresinkaryokinesis, betweenthepoles;Achro'matin,

Flemming'stermforthebasicsub-

stanceofthenucleus,lesssus- ceptibleofstainingthanthechro- mosomes,theNuoleinofStras- burger. achro'muB,aoh'roos{axpoea,tobe withoutcolour,pale),colourless ; hyaline;Aohroode2'trin(-1-Dextrin) oneofthegroupofdextrinsnot colouredbyiodine;cf.Ebythro-

DEXTRIN,AMYLODEXTRIN.

Acic'ula{acus,aneedle),thebristle-

likecontinuationoftherhaohilla ofagrass;Acic'ulae,tooth-like processesofthehymeniumof certainHymenomycetousFungi; acic'ular,acicula'ris,slenderor needle-shaped;aoio'ulate,acicu- la'tus,aciculi'nus,superficially markedasifscratchedwitha pin;aoicu'Uform{forma,shape), needle-like, acido'tus(okiSmtos,pointed),when branchesororgansendinaspine orhardpoint.

A'cies(Lat.edge),theedgeorangle

ofcertainstems. ac'iform{aciis,aneedle;forma, shape)=acioular. acina'ceous(acimts,aseededberry + aceous),fullofkernels, acinac'ifollas(acinaces,ascimitar ; folium,aleaf),afleshyleaf,curved likeascimitar;acinac'lfonu,acina- cifortnUs,soimitar-shaped. aoina'rius[acinus,agrape-seed), whenastemiscoveredwith vesiclesresemblinggrape-seeds ;

Ac'ine,Ac'inus(Lat.),asingle

memberofsuchfruitsasthe raspberry,adrupel;formerly usedforabunchoffruit,asof grapes;Acinoden'drus{dei/dpop,a. tree),aplantwhosefruitisin bunches;ao'inose,acino'sim,like grapes,orofgranularbodiesre- semblingthem. aciphyl'lUS(dxr;,apoint,cj>i\\ov, aleaf),alinearandpointed leaf.

Aclythrophy'tum(a,without,KKeWpov,

adoor,(fivrhv,aplant),plantswhose seedsaresupposedtobenaked, withoutapericarp, acond'ylose,acond'ylous(a,without, (cocSuXos,aknuckleorfinger-joint), saidofplantswhichhavenojoints ornodes.

AconitlnActinomycosis

Acou'itin,thealkaloidderivedfrom

monkshood,AconitumNa/pellus, Linn.

A'com,thefruitoftheoak.

Acotyle'don(a,without,KorvK-qiiiv,

usedforseed-lobe),aplantdesti- tuteofcotyledonsorseed-lobes ;

Cryptogamsandsuchplantsas

Gxbscuta;adj.acotyle'donous,

acotyledo'Tieus. acrajnpMb'ryous{axpos,apex,i.fKpl, onbothsides,^pvu,tobud),plants producinglateralaswellasapical buds;AcrampMb'rya,adivision proposedbyEndlichertoem- braceDicotyledonsandGymno- sperms.

Acroblaste'sis(aftpos,apex,p\a abud),whenthegerm-tubeof

Lichensproceedsfromanendof

thespore;acroblas'tic,Celakov- sky'stermforthebranchofan inflorescencewhicharisesfroma terminalbud;Acrobrya(/3piJw,to bud),plantsgrowingatthepoint only,asallAcrogenshavinga, distinctaxis;adj.acrob'ryous. acrocarp'ous(o/tpos,apex,Kapirbs, fruit),terminalfruited;amain divisionofMosses;aorod'romous (5p6|Uos,acourse),venation-strands unitingattheapexoftheleaf,as inPlantago;acrog'amous{yd/ios, marriage),plantsproducingthe egg-apparatusatthesummitofthe embryo-sac,asinmostAngiosperms (VanTieghem);Aorog'amy,may bedouble,aswhenthepollen-tube andegg-apparatusarebothapical ; orpartlybasigamic,eitherofmale (pollen-tube)orfemale(egg-ap- paratus)(c/.BASiGAMons);acrog'- enous{yhos,race),(1)usedof plantsgrowingattheapex,such asAc'rogens,Ferns;(2)produced attheendofafilament,assome fungusspores;Acrogonld'ium {yovos,offspring,elSos,form),a gonidiumformedattheapexofa gonidiophore;acrog'ynouB{yvyi],a woman),havingthestemtermin- atedbyfemaleorgans,asarohe- gonia;acrogyra'tus{gyratus, turnedaway),havinganelastic ringatthepoint(Lindley)asin

Schizaea.

Ac'ronus(perhapsfrom&Kpov,the

highestpoint),Necker'stermfor anovarywithoutabasaldisk. aoronyoli'lus(d'/c/jos,apex,6m^,aclaw), curvedliketheclawofananimal. acrop'etal{&Kpos,apex;peto,Iseek), producedinasuccessiontowards theapex,asappliedtodevelop- mentoforgans;theantithesis ofbasipetal;Acrosaro'um{(rdp^, (Tap/cos,flesh),Uesvaux'stermfor aberryfromanovarywithadnate calyx,asthecurrant;acroscop'ic {(TKoireoi,Isee),lookingtowards thesummit;thereverseofbasi- scopic;Acrospenn'eae(airepixa,a seed),Ac'rosperms,thoseAngio- spermswhicharepresumedto havebegunwithsimpleporo- gamousmodeofimpregnation;cf.Pleurospeem;Ac'rospire(o-ireipa, acoil),Grew'snameforthefirst sproutofagerminatingseed,the extrudedradicle;acrospi'red,ger- minated,asinmalting;Ac'rospore (o-TTopA,aseed),asporeformedatthesummitofasporophoreorfila-ment;acrot'onous{tovos^acord), thetissueofthepollen-sacin

Orchidsprolongedtotheupper

endoftheanther. Actinench'yma(dfcWs,aray;eTxu/^a,aninfusion),cellulartissueformed inastar-shapedmanner,asseenin across-sectionofJwncus;actin'ic, usedofcertainraysofthespectrum,whichhaveapowerfuleffectongrowth;Act'inism,thechemical actionofsunlight;Act'inocarp,a fruitwhichisactinooarp'ic(ko/pttos, fruit),havingthecarpelsorpla- centasradiatinglikethespokesof awheel;actinomorph'lo,-ous, (^o/)0j),shape),havingflowersofaregularorstarpattern,capable ofbisectionintwoormoreplanes intosimilarhalves;Actinomyoo'sis, adiseaseinthejawboneofmanandanimalsattributedtoaFungusOocardiaActinomycosis,Trev.•

ActinostomousAdhesion

actinost'omous((XTOfia,amouth), radiatestructureroundtheostiolea ofLichensandotherCryptogams.

Actinoph'ryds{Actinophrys,Ehrenb.,

agenusoffihizopods),Gobi'sterm forglobeswithradially-arranged pseudopodiainPseudospora,a, parasiteonVaucheria. ac'tive,inagrowingcondition;not dormant. acu'leate,aculea'tus(aculeus,asting orprickle),armedwithpricklesas thestemofarose;acu'leolate, aculeola'tus,somewhatprickly; aculeo'sus,decidedlyprickly; acu'leiform,acvleiform'is(fm-ma, shape),prickle-shaped;Acu'leus (Lat.),asharpepidermalemerg- ence,aprickle;pi.Acu'lei ;

Acu'leolus,adiminutiveofthelast.

Acu'men(Lat.,apoint),atapering

point;acu'minate,acumiina'tus, havingagraduallydiminishing point;acumiiilfo'llus(folium,a leaf),withacuminateleaves; acu'minose,acumino'sus,approach- ingacuminate;acumin'ulate,having asmallterminalpoint. acutang'ular,acutang'ulus(Lat.), whenstemsaresharplyangular ; acutate'(acu'tus,sharp),slightly sharpened,asattheapex;acu'te, acu'tus,distinctlyandsharply pointed,butnotdrawnout;acu- tlflor'us(Lat.,flos,floris,aflower), withacuteperianthsegments; acutifo'lius(Lat.,folium,aleaf), withpointedleaves;acutilo'bus (Lat.,lobus,alobe),composedof lobeswhichareacute;acutius'cuius (Lat.),somewhatacute. aoyc'lio(a,not;kOkXos,acircle),used offlowerswhosepartsarearranged spirally,notinwhorls.

Adapta'tion(adaptatus,fitted),the

meansbywhichanorganismadapts itselftochangedsurroundings. adax'ial[ad,to;axis,anaxle),the sideorfacenexttheaxis,ventral. adducent'laVa'sa{ad,to;duco,I lead),thespiralsintracheids, whichspiralswereformerlysup- posedtobevessels.

Adducto'res,Hedwig'stermforarche-

gonia.

Adelph'ia{aSeXtpos,abrother);(1)a

fraternity;acollectionofstamens bytheirfilamentsintoonebundle; pi.Adelpb'iae,twoormoresimilar bundles;(2)usedbyGaltonfor fraternitiesinvariation;adelph'ic, adelph'icus;adelph'ous,adelph'vs, havingbrotherhoodsofstamens;Adelpbotax'y(rdfis,order),used byHartogtoexpressthemutual attractionofsporesofAchylaand ofPedastreaeafterextrusion.

Ade'lome(possiblyfromdSrfKos,con-

cealed)=ALBOENUM(Lindley).

Aden(dS^i',agland),aglandor

tubercle:aden'iform(forma,shape), ahybridtermforgland-shaped ; adenoca'lyz(/caXif,acup),wherethe calyxisstuddedwithglandular spots;ad'enoid(elSos,like),gland- like;~-Or'gan,Williamson'sterm fortheliguleofLepidodendron ;

Adenopet'aly{ir4Ta\ov,aflower

leaf),atermproposedbyC.Morren forthetransformationofnectaries intopetals,orsimilarstructures ;

Aden'ophore((popia,bear),astalk

supportingagland;adenoph'orous, bearingglands;adenophyl'lous ((piWoi',aleaf),glandularleaved; adenop'odous,aden'opus(Trovs,iroSis, afoot),withthepetioleorped- uncleglandular;adenoste'mon {(TTTi/jLov,astamen),havingglands onthestamens;ad'enose,ad'enous, glandular.

Ades'my(a,without;Seir/ioj,abond),

Morren'stermforcongenitalsepar-

ationofpartsnormallyunited.

Adflux'ion{ad,to;fluo,Iflow),the

attractionbywhichsapisdrawn towardstheleaves. adglu'tinate,adglutina'tus(ad,to, glutino,Iglue),growntogether, accrete. adhe'rent,adhe'rens(adhaereo,tostick to),theunionofpartsusually separate;~Vema'tion,whenthe basesofFern-frondsarecontinu- ouswiththecaudex;Adhe'rence,

Adlie'sion,thestateofunionwith

AdlpocellulosesAeroblum

someotherorganorpart;Goebel restrictsittounionofdissimilar parts;c/.Cohesion.

Adlpoeel'luloses(adeps,adipis,fat,+

Cellulose),agroupofbodieswhich

constitutethecuticulartissuesof leavesandfruits;cf.Cellulosb. adiaca'll3(a,without;SIo-kos,aquoit), destituteofadisk. adli'gaus(ad,to;Ugo,Itie),holding fastorbinding,astheaerialhold- fastsofIvy.

Admlnlo'ulum(Lat.,aprop)=Ful-

crum. admoti'vus{ad,to;moveo,Imove),wheningerminationthealbumen remainsattachedtothesheathof thecotyledon. adnas'cent,adnas'cens[adnascor,to growto),growingtooruponsome- thingelse;Adnas'cens;(1)ayoung bulb,asa"clove"ofgarlic;(2) asuckerofsomeMonocotyledons. ad'nate,adna'tus{adnascor,togrow to),attachedthewholelength,~Anth'ershavethelobesattached theirentirelengthtothefilament ; Adna'tion,thestateinquestion;adnexed'{nexo,totie),usedofthe lamellaeofsomeAgarics,which reachthestem,butarenotadnate toit;ad'pressed,adpresefus=AF-

PRBSSED;adseend'ent=ASCESDBNT

; adsurg'ent,adsurcfens=assurqent. aduiio'ate,adunc'ous(aduncus,hooked) bentorcrookedasahook. adust'ua(Lat.),soot-coloured,fuli- ginous. adventit'ious,adventit'iusifld,to ; venio,Icome),appliedtoplants latelyintroduced;~Buds,those producedabnormally,asfromthe steminsteadoftheaxilsofthe leaves;~Roots,thosewhichdo notarisefromtheradicleorits subdivisions,butfromotherpart ; advent'ive=adventitious. ad'verse(ad,to;verso,Iturn);(1) opposite;(2)facingthemainaxis orotherobject;advers'us(Lat.), opposite;adverslfo'liate,adversi- folius(folium,aleaf),havingoppo- siteleaves. 6

Adynaman'dry(aSwaii-la,weakness

; &v^p,dvSpos,aman),Delpino's termforself-sterility;thatis, whenaflowerdoesnotsetseed fromitsownpollen.

Aecid'lospore(Aecidium,infra;awoph,

aseed),asporeformedinthefol- lowing:Aecid'ium(probablyfrom oUlhov,alittlehouse),a.sporocarp consistingofacup-shapedenvelope, itsinteriorsurfaceconsistingofa hymeuium,fromwhosebasidia theaecidiosporesaresuccessively thrownoff;thenamewaspro- poundedbyPersoonasagenusof

Fungi,butitisnowregardedas

onlyaform-genusofUredineae.

Aecol'ogy=EcologyorOeoologt.

ae'neus(Lat.bronze),usedforbrass- coloured;sometimesforverdigris. aequa'lla,ae'quans(Lat.),equalor equalling;similarinsize,uniform;aequilateral,aequUatera'lis,equal- sided,ofequallength;aequali- flor'us(Lat.),withflowersalikein formandcharacter;aequlmag'nus

X(Lat.),equalsized;aequinoc'tial,

aequinoctia'lis,pertainingtothe equinox;usedofflowers,which openorcloseatstatedhours ; aequivalv'is(Lat.),havingvalves offlowersorfruitofsimilarsize;aequlve'niuB(Lat.),alltheveinsof equaldistinctness. ae'rating(aer,air)Roots,peculiar rootsrisingoutofthemud,covered withaloose,corkytissue,and havinglargeintercellularspaces; ae'rial,ae'rius,plants(orpartsof plants)livingabovethesurfaceof thegroundorwater;~Plants, epiphytes,asTillandaiaandmany tropicalorchids;~Roots,thosewhichvegetatealtogetherabove theground;Aerench'yma(eyxv/ia, thatpouredout),Schenk'sterm foratissueofthin-walledcells,andlargeinter-cellularspaces, foundinthestemsofsomemarsh- plants,servingforaerationor floatingtissue;ASro'blum(/SIos, life),anorganismwhichthrivesonly inthepresenceofairorfreeoxy- aerohlotlcagrarian gen;appliedtocertainbacteria ; aeroblo'tlc,needingairforexist- ence;Aerobio'sis,lifeinatmo- sphericiir;Ae'rocyst(/ciio-Tis,abag orpouch;,theair-bladdersofsuch algaeasFucrisvesiculous,Linn. ;

Ae'rophyte(^i/roV,aplant),air-

plant,epipbyte;Aerotax'is(to|is, arrangement,usedbyHartogto expresspositivestimulusbyoxygen totheirritabilityofzoospores,adj. aerotact'ic;Aerot'ropisni(t^oitt;,a turning),theinluenceofgasesongrowthandowvature,itisaformofChemotbopism;adj.aero- trop'lo. aeru'ginose,aerug'injuB,aerugin'eus, aerugino'sus(aerufp,therustof brass),theblue-gieencolourof verdigris.

Aesc'uUn,analkaloidfiomthehorse-

chestnut;AesciUusI{'&;ypoccLstanu7nj Linn.

Aesthe'sia(ai'tr^T/tris,peiceptionby

sense),Czapek'sexpreaiontode- notethecapacityofaiorganto respondtodefinitephysiialstimuli. aes'tival,aestiva'lis,belongiigorpecu- liartosummer;Aestlva'tiin,Aesti- va'iio,themannerinwiiohthe partsofaflowerarefoldedvpbefore expansion.

Aete'rio=Etabeio.

Aetha'lium(oWoXos,soot),acom-

poundsporiferouabody,brmed fromacombinationofplasnodia inMyxogastres;Ae.septicumFr., isknownas"FlowersofTin" ; aetha'lioid{etSos,form),likethe last. aetbe'os(diJffTjs,unusual),inom- pounds=unusual;aetheoganllc, aetlieog'amous(70/ios,marriag), synonymouswithcryptogamic. aethe'reua(Lat.),aerial.

Aetiol'ogy{alnov,cause;\iyos,Ai-

oourse),thedoctrineoftheoausi ofdisease,asofVegetableGalls alsospelledAitlologyandEtiology.

Affln'ity{affin'itas,nearalliance),the

closenessofrelationbetweenplants asshownbysimilarityofimport- antorgans. afSx'ed(affix'us,fastenedto),fixed upon. Ag'amae(a,without,yd/ios,marriage)=Cryptogamae;agam'io,ag'amous, Necker'stermforcryptogamous;Agamogen'eais{yeveA'gar,agelatinousproductfrom

Agar-agar,orAgal-agal,which

consistsofvariousmarineAlgae fromtropicalAsia;alsocalled "CeylonMoss"and"Bengal

Isinglass.

"

Agar'ioAcid(Agaricus,Tourn.,a

genusofFungi),foundinPolyporus officinalis,Fr.;iigariclc'ola{colo,

Iinhabit),appliedtoaparasite

onHyraenomycetousFungi;Hens- lowprintsitasagaric'olus. agen'iusX(",without,yevoi,sex,race)=neuter;a'genus,usedofcellular

Cryptogams,"whichareenlarged

bytheadditionofnewparts."

Agged'ula(derivedbyNeckerfrom

d-yyeiSiov,alittlevessel),thespor- angiumofMosses,andofPuccmia.

Ag'geres(Lat.),banksorrockwork

inbotanicgardens. agglom'erate,agglom'erated,agglom- era'tus(Lat.crowdedtogether),col- lectedintoahead,astheflowers ofScabious. agglu'tinate(agglutino,Iglue),glued together,asthepollen-massesof

AsclepiadsorOrchids;accrete.

ag'gregate,ag'gregated,aggrega'ius (Lat.assembled),collectedto- gether,astheflowersofCusciUa; •-Flowers,thosegatheredintoa head,asDipsacus,butnotasin Compositae,whicharecapitulate;^Fruits,collectionofseparate carpelsproducedbyoneflower, theproductofapolycarpellary apocarpousgynaecium;Aggre- ga'tion,condensationofcell-con- tentsundersomestimulus. agrarian{agrar'ius,pertainingto agrestalAlbwaoses thefield).H.C.Watson'stermfor thecultivableportionofGreat

Britain;--Region,dividedintothree

r~Zones,thesuper-,mid-,andinfer- agrarianzones. agrest'al(agrestis,belongingtothe field);(1)Watson'stermforplants growinginarableground;(2)rural generally. agricult'uralBot'any{agricvltura, husbandry),thatpartofeconomic botanywhichrelatestofarmplants.

Agrostog'raphy(dypoiirTis,grass,ypa writing),thedescriptionofgrasses;

Agrostol'ogy(\670s,discourse),the

botanyofgrasses. agyna'riUBJ(a,without,yvvri,a woman);agyn'lcus;(1)saidof stamenswhicharefreefromthe ovary;(2)pistilswanting,desti- tuteofpistils;ag'ynous,monstrous flowerswithpistilsmissing.

Ai'gret(Fr.Aigrette,tuftoffeathers),

thepappusofCompositae;Eng- lishedbyT.MartynasE'gret. alophyl'luB{al&v,eternity,4>'^Wop, aleaf),evergreen. alma,inGreekoompounds=blood- coloured;properlyhxma,(from aT/xa,blood).

Air-Blad'ders,intercellularspacesin

someAlgae,servingasfloats;--

CaVity=~Chambbbs(2);~-Cells,~

-Cliambers,(1)intercellularspaces occurringinaquaticplants,usually prismaticinform,(2)theinter- cellularspacebeneathastoma;~

Passage,=~-Chamber;~-Plants,

epiphytes,asBromeliadsandsome

Orchids;^Pore,=Stoma;~Sacs,

cavitiesinthepollen-grainsof

Pinus;~Vessel,termformerly

appliedtoemptytracheids,etc.

Akeue',Ake'nlum,=AcHENB,Achbn-

IU"M.

AMne'sls(a,without,Klvriffi^,move-

ment),increasewithoutthephenom- enaofkaryokinesis;A'Mnetes,in greenAlgae,singlecellswhose wallsthickenandseparatefrom thethallus,correspondingtothe chlamydosporesofFungi;immotile reproductivecells,formedwithout truecell-formation,orre/uvene-

Bcence.

,

A'la(Lat.wing),(1)formerl/anaxil,

butnowobsoleteinthat,^ense;(2) alateralpetalofapapilionaceous flower;(3)amembranoasexpansion ofanykind,asintheseedof Bignoniaoeae;(4)employedbyWm.Smithforthe'marginalpro- cessesinSurirellai(5)theouter segmentofthecorneallobesinsome

Asclepiads;(6)ii/Mosses,thea'lar

cellsarethoseAlabas'trum(Lat/bud),aflower-bud.

a'lar,ala'ria{ala/wing),(1)formerly usedforaxii/aRIS;{2)~CeUs,cf.

Ala(6).

alate',ala'tus(Jkt.winged),furnished withanexiansion,asastemor petiole;aUteplnna'tus,whenthe commonpaioleofapinnateleafis marginallywinged. alba'tUB(l/t.),whitened;Albe'do (Lat.)whiteness;Albefac'tlon{facio,

Imake/,blanching;albes'cent,

awes'cert,becomingwhite;al'bicant, al'hicari,tendingtowhite; albid'wus,al'bidus,albin'eus, whiti»;Al'blniBm,adiseasefrom absen/eofnormalcolouring,dis- playingitselfasanAlbi'no;albi'nus, al'buUB(Lat.),somewhatwhite.

Al'bunen(Lat.,whiteofanegg),the

nutlitivematerialstoredwithinthe see/,andinmanycasessurrounding th/embryo.(Note.Nottobe co/foundedwithanimalAlbumen.)

AJbumln,inplants,theproteids

liohreadilycoagulatefromtheir jueoussolutionsbytheactionof featoracids;Albu'minoids{ddos, /esemblance),nitrogenousorganic

Bubstauces,proteids;albumlno'se,

/albu'mlnoUB,albumino'stis,contain- fingalbumen,atermrestrictedto seeds;Albu'minates,nitrogenous substancesinsolubleinwater, solubleindiluteacidsoralkalis, e.g.,glutenofwheat;Albumo'ses, similartoalbuminates,butsoluble inwater;commonconstituentsof aleuron.

AlbumitasAUoolysiB

Albur'nitas{alburnum,sap-wood),a

diseaseintrees,atendencyto remainsoftliketherecentwood ; albur'nous,relatingtothesap-wood;Albur'num,theoutermost andyoungestportionofthewood, stillpermeablebyfluids. al'bus(Lat.),deadwhite,without lustre. aloohorioFermenta'tlon,seeFermen- tation. aleotor'iold{Alectoria,Ach.,cWos, resemblance),filamentous,asthe thallusofthegenusafterwhichit isnamed. alepido'tus,J(a,not,XeiriSwris,scaly), destituteofscurforscales.

Aleu'ron,orAleu'rone{SXeupoi',wheaten

flour),proteidgranulesofglobulins andpeptones,presentinseeds, ~Lay'er,aspecialperiphericlayer inmostseeds,especiallyingrasses; adj.,aleuron'ic.

Alex'ine{a\4(u,Iwardoflf),asub-

stancehypotheticallyassumedto beformedbyplantsforprotection againstbacteria;antitoxine.

Al'gae{cdga,seaweed),chlorophyll-

containingThallophytes,which usuallygrowimmersedinwater, freshormarine;knownpopu- larlyas"Seaweeds,"or"Water- weeds";al'gal,relatingtoAlgae;~ -Layer,thegreenbandofgonidiain thethallusofheteromerouslichens, alsostyled - Zone;algi'nusJre- semblingathread-likeAlga;Al'gist=Algol'ogist,astudentofAlgae ; al'goua=algal;Algol'ogy,(\6yos, discourse),thescienceofAlgae ;

Alga,F.vonMueller'swordfor

Algae.

A'lien,usedbyH.C.Watsonfor

introducedplantswhichhavebe- comenaturalisedinBritain. alif'erous{ala,awing;fero,Ibear), havingwings;al'iform{forma, shape),wing-shaped;alig'erous {gero,Ibear)=alifbrous(Crozier). alig'ular{afrom,ligula,strap),

Bussow'stermforthatleaf-facein

Sdaginellawhichisturnedaway

fromtheliguleandstem.

Allmo'niaJ(Lat.nourishment)=

ascendingsap. -alis,Latinterminationindicativeof belongingto;thusradic-alis,be- longingtotheroot,radix. alisma'eeous{Alis'ma,Dill.,-feeous), belongingtotheorderAlismaceae, ofwhichthegenusnamedisthetype.

Aliz'arine(Fr.Alizari,madder-root),

thecolouringmatteroftherootof madder,Rubiatinctoria,Linn.

Alkachlor'opliyU(Alkali-)-Chloro-

phyll),apresumedconstituentof chlorophyll,producedbythe actionofanalkali;alkales'cent,of thenatureofanalkali;Allc'alolda {etSos,resemblance),generalterm fortheorganicbasesinmany plants,markedlymedicinalor poisonous,asMorphia,Strychnia. allagophyU'ous{iXXayit,achange, ipOWoy,aleaf),alternate-leaved ; allagoste'mon,allagostern'onouB,whenstamensareattachedalter- natelytothepetalsandthetorus. allanto'dlold,appliedtofernswhich resemblethegenusAllantodia,

R.Br.inhabitorfructification.

allant'oid(dXXas,asausage,eZSos, form),sausage-shaped. allassGton'lc(dWdo-o-u,tovary,rbvos, turgesoenoe),movementsofmature organs,causedbyaugmentationof turgorwithdiminutionofvolume. aJlla'ceous,-ceus{allium,garlic,+ aceus),havingthesmellofgarlicor onions;allia'rius(Lat,)isa synonym.

Alli'ance,agroupofOrders,now

usuallystyledCohort.

Alliga'tor(alligo,Ibind)

=

Fulcrum.

alloch'rous,(dWos,another,xpAa, complexion),changingfromone colourtoanother;AUocar'py {Knpirosfruit),fruitingfromcross- fertilizedflowers;Allog'amy{yd/ios, marriage),cross-fertilization;sub- dividedintoGeitonogamt,from anotherfloweronthesameplant, andKbnooamt,fromanother plantofthesamespecies;adj. allog'amous.

Alliiol'ysls(ctXXoios,different,\iiris,

allotropousambiparouB loosing),appliedtothemodein whichnaturaldiaetaaeactsoathe endoepermofthedate,andthe changestherebycaused. allot'Topous(dWos,another,rpoirj),a turn),MacLeod'stermforplants havingstoresofhoneyopentoall inseot-visitors;Allot'ropy,other- wiseturnedorformed. alpes'trine,alpes'tris,strictlyap- plicabletoplantsgrowingabove thelimitsofforestgrowth,onthe

Alp,butpracticallysynonymous

withAlpine;alpes'ter{Lat.)isused bysomebotanistsforthemoreusual form. alphitomor'plious{&\Umbelliferae,wherethestamensare

alternatewiththepetals,thatis, betweenthem;altemipin'nate,or altem'ately-pln'nate,whenthe leafletsofapinnateleafarenot exactlyoppositeeachother;Alter- na'tion,Alterna'tio,thefactofbeing alternate,^ofGenera'tlons,the reproductionbyorganismswhich donotpreciselyresembletheparent, butthegrand-parent,appliedespe- ciallytotheregularsuccessionof sexualandasexualphases,asin

Ferns,etc.;alter'native,altemati'-

vus,inaestivationwhentheperi- anthsegmentsareintworows,and theinnersocoveredbytheouter, thateachexteriormemberoverlaps thehalfoftwointeriormembers. 10

Al'theine,aprinciplefromthemarsh-

mallow,Althaea,Tourn.,analogous toAsparagin.

Alt'ltude,Altitu'do(Lat.height),used

tospecifytheheightabovethesea ofthevegetationinquestion. aluta'ceouB,aluta'ceua[alula,soft leather-1-CBOUS),(1)thecolourof buffleather,orlighttan;(2) leatheryintexture,coriaceous.

Alve'ola{alveolus,ahollowvessel),

pi.Alveolae;cavitiesonthesur- face,asthepitsonthereceptacle ofmanyCompositae,honey-combed ; (2)theporesofsuchFungias

Polyporus;(3)theperitheciaof

certainotherFungi;Alve'oli,the pit-likemarkingsonthevalvesofmanyDiatomaceae;Alve'olar- plasma(irKi,aixa,modelled),term usedbyStrasburgerinplaceof

Teophoplasm,granularprotoplasm

; al'veolate,alveola'tus,alveola'ris,markedasthoughhoneycombed.

Amadou'(Fr.),(1)thesubstanceofcer-

tainFungiusedastinder,asPoly- porusfomentariii.Amalthe'aJ{dfm,together,AXWu,I increase),usedbyDesvauxforan aggregationofdryfruitswithina calyxwhichdoesnotbecomefleshy, asAlchemilla,andSanguisorba.

Aman'itln(fromAmanita,Dill.),(1)

theredpigmentofthepileusof theFly-Agaric,(2)thepoisonous alkaloidfromthesame,also writtenAman'itine. ambig'enus[ambo,both,genus,race), appliedtoaperianthwhoseex- terioriscalycine,andinterior coroUine,asNymphaea. amblguiflor'us{ambiguus,doubtful, flos,fioris,flower),appliedby

Caasinitoflowersofanindeterm-

inateform;ambig'uous,(1)saidofanorganwhenitsoriginisun-

certain,thusthedissepimentsofanorangemaybelongtotheaxisortheparies;(2)ofaplantwhenitspositionisdoubtful.

ambip'arous,-rm,{ambo,both;pario, ambisporan^ateampMcarpogenous

Ibringforth),producingtwokinds,

aswhenabudcontainsbothflowersandleaves,astheHorse-chestnut ; amblsporang'iate(+Sporangium), hermaphroditeflowers,otherwise macro-andmioro-sporangiate,that is,bearingovulesandpollen-sacs.

Amb'itua(Lat.agoinground),the

outlineolafigure,asofaleaf. amtleocar'pus(a/xp\6aj,tobeabortive,

Kaprds,fruit),whenmostofthe

ovulesabort,afewonlybecoming perfectseeds. ambros'iacus(aii^pbaio^,divinefood), possessingastrongscentof

Ambrosia;fragrant.

Ambula'crum(Lat.),awalkina

botanicgarden. ame'lloratlng(Fr.,amelioration,an improvement)~Plants,those bacteriawhichcausenoduleson therootsofLeguminosae.

Am'ent,Ament'um(Lat.astrap),a

catkin,aspikeofflowersusually bracteate,andfrequentlydeciduous; amenta'ceous,-ceiis(+cetis)ament'i- form{forma,shape),amentif'erous i/ero,Ibear),catkin-bearing;cat- kin-like;Ament'ula(diminutive) theso-calledcatkinsofthemale inflorescenceinSphagnum. ameris'tic(a,not,/lephros,divisible)~Ferns,arethosewhoseprothalli beinginsufficientlyprovidedwith nutrimentaredestituteofmeristem, andproduceantheridiaonly. amethyst'eus,amethyst'inus(Lat.), thecolourofamethyst,violet. ametoe'clous(a,not,fiera,,with,after, oTkos,house),aparasitewhichdoes notchangeitshost;thereverseof

METOECIOUS.

Am'ides(Am[-monia]-l-ide)certain

substancesoccurringinplants, solubleinwater,diffusible,cry- stallizable,notcoagulatingon boiling;thoseofcommonoccur- renceareAsparagin,Leucin,and

Tyrosin;Amid'ulln,solublestarch,

existinginsmallquantityinord- inarystarch-grains.

Ami'doplast(TrAao-Tds,modelled),an

errorforAmyloplast.

Amlto'sis(a,without,yniros,aweb),

definedasdegeneratemitosis, whennucleardivisiontakesplace directlywithoutthephenomena ofkaryokinesis;adj.amito'tic.

Am'modytes(d/A^os,sand,Stiw,Isink

in),livinginsandyplaces;ammo- ph'ilouB,-his{(plXeta,Ilove),sand- loving.

Ammo'nia(Ammon,theLibyan

Jupiter,firstfoundnearhis

temple),apungentgas;theso- calledvolatilealkali.

Am'nion,Am'nios{dfivlos,foetalmem-

brane),aviscousfluidwhichsur- roundscertainovulesinanearly stage;amnlot'icSac,=Embryo-Sac. amoe'boid(d/ixoi/3aios,interchanging), appliedtothejelly-likeplasmodium ofMyxogastreswheninmotion, resemblinganAmoe'ba,aprotean- shapedrhizopod;Amoeboid'eae, usedbyGobiforthelowestforms ofplant-lifewhicharedestituteof chlorophyll. amorph'ouB,amorph'us(a,without, fn-optpTi,form),shapeless,theform notregularordefinite;Amorpli'- opbyte((jtvrbv,aplant),aplantwith anomalousflowers.

Amphanth'imnJ{&p-i,around,S.v6os,

flower),thedilatedreceptacleof aninflorescence,asinDorstenia ; clinanthiura;Am'phlaBter{aarrip,a star),thecombinednuclear-spindle andcytasters;alsoforthecom- binedcytastersonly(Crozier) ; amphib'iouB(/3£os,life),growingon drylandorinwaterequallywell ; ~Altema'tion,theadaptationof organism,originallyofaquatic habit,tosubaerialconditions; amphib'ryous,-yus(Ppiu,to sprout),growingbyincreaseover thewholesurface;Ampbib'rya,

Endlicher'snameforMonocotyle-

dons;amphicarp'ic,-pous,-pua (Kapirbs,fruit),possessingtwokinds offruit,differingincharacteror timeofripening;AmpMoarp'lum, anarchegoniumpersistingasa fruit-envelope,afterfertilization ; ampbicarpog'enous{yeyvda,Ibring 11

AmphicotyledonAmylogenesiB

forth),producingfruitabove ground,whichissubsequently buriedbeneath;cf.htpooarpo-

GBNons

;

Amphicotyle'don

{KOTvXTiSiiv,ahollow),DeVries's termforcotyledonsunitedsoas toformacup. amphlgae'us,amphige'an{d/upt, around,yrj,theearth);(1)plants whicharenativesofbothOldandNewworlds;(2)usedofflowers whicharisefromtherootstoek; asinKrascheninilcovia,Turoz.;Am- phig'amae{yd/jios,marriage),plants whosefructificationisunknown, possiblyofbothsexes;ampbi- gam'eous,amphig'amouB,supposed tobedestituteofsexualorgans,or wheretheirpresencehasnotyet beenascertained;ithasbeenap- pliedtoCryptogams;Amphigast'er, proposedalterationofthefollow- ing;Amphlgast'ria{yatrriip,belly), stipularorgansinHepaticse,which claspthestem;amphig'enous {yepviu,Ibringforth),growing allroundanobject,usedofFungi whenthehymeniumisnotre- strictedtoanyparticularsurface;~CaBtra'tion,theactionofUstilago antherarum,DC,whenitmingles thecharactersofbothsexesby developingineach,someofthe charactersoftheother;Amphi- mix'is(/i£|ts,intercourse),sexual reproduction(Weismann);Amphi- py'renin{irup-iiv,stoneoffruit), themembraneofthepyrenin,the bodyofthenucleus;Amphisarc'a (i7o/)|,(rapKbs,flesh),anindehisoent multilocularfruit,drywithout, pulpywithin,asamelon;Amphl- sper'mlum{avipim,aseed),afruit whichisamphlsper'mous,whenthe pericarpcloselyinveststheseedand assumesitsshape;Ampbitlie'cium (BiiKTi,acase),peripherallayerof cellssurroundingtheendothecium intheearlystageofthedevelop- mentofthemoss-capsule;adj. amphlttae'dal:amphlt'ropal,or morecorrectlyamphlt'ropous-pv^ (jpoiteu,Iturn),saidoftheovule whenitiscurvedsothatboth endsarebroughtneartoeachother ;

Amphit'rophy,Wiesner'stermfor

growthwhengreatestintheshoots andbudsonthesidesofthemother shoot.

Am'phora(Lat.awine-jar)thelower

partofapyxis,asinHenbane. amplect'ant,amplect'ans,amplecti'vus, amphx'ans(Lat.)embracing;am- plex'us,inVernation,whentwo sidesofoneleafoverlapthetwo sidesoftheoneaboveit;amplex'- icaul,amplexicau'Us(caidis,stem), stem-clasping,whenthepetiole- leaf,orstipule,isdilatedatthe base,andembracesthestem. am'pllate,ampUa'tus(Lat.)enlarged; ampllatiflor'uBJ{flos,flower),Com- positeshavingtheray-florets enlarged,asintheCorn-flower.

Ampul'la,(Lat.abottle),theflasks

foundonaquaticssuchasUtri- cvlaria;ampulla'ceous,-ceua,am- pul'liform,amptdlijor'mis,swollen outinflask-shape,asthecorolla insomeHeaths.

Amyg'dala[amygdalum,akernel),an

almond;amygd'alifonn(forma, shape),almond-shaped;Amyg'da-

Un,agluoosidefoundinthefruit

ofmanyRosaceae;amyg'daline, pertainingtoorresemblingan almond. amyla'ceous(aiM\ov,fineflour+ao- eou8),starchy;Am'ylase,anenzyme, thesameasDiastase;amylife- rous{,ipii>,Ibear),starch-bearing;

Am'ylin,aproductoftheaction

ofdiastaseonstarch;Am'yliteB, skeletonsofstarch-granulescom- posedofamylodextrin(Belzung);Amylobacte'ria[^aKrrjpiov,alittle rod),microbesproducingbutyric fermentation,ascribedtotheaction oiBacillusAmylobacter,Ya,nTiegh. ;

Amylooel'lulose(-HCellulose),a

supposedconstituentofstarch- granules;Amylodex'trin(-fDex- trin)anintermediateinconverting starchintodextrin;cf.Aohroodbx-

TBIN;Amylogeu'esis{yive ginning),theformationofstarch; 12 amylogenicanametadromouB

Eunylogen'ic{ycvvda,Ibringforth),

producingstarch;~Bodies,Letio-

OPLASTIDS;Amylohy'drolist(iSup,

water,Xia-is,aloosing),anenzyme whichtransformsstarchbyhydro- lysis;Amyloliydrorysis,theactin question;am'yloid(eI5os,resem- blance),analogoustostarch;

Amyloleu'oites(Xeufcos,white),plas-

tidsproducingstarch-granules;

Amylol'ysia(Xuo-is,aloosing),trans-

formationofstarchintoother bodies,assugar;amylolyt'ic

En'zyme,anunorganisedferment,

whichbreaksupthestarchcell- contentsintodextrinandsugar ;

Amy'lome,atermappliedtoxylem-

parenchyma,whenitcontains starch;Amy'lon,Amy'lum,incom- position=Starch;Amy'lum-Bod'yi aroundedbodyinachlorophyll bandorplate,whichisacentreof starchformation;~Cen'tres,Stras- burger'stermforPykbnoids; - Grains,or"-Gran'ules,thelamin- atedbodieswhichareformedof starchasreservematerialinplant- cells;~Star,atuber-likeorganin

Oharastelligera,Bauer,whichis

closelypackedwithstarch,itconsists ofanisolatedsubterraneannode;

Am'yloplast(irXacrris,moulded)=

Leucoplastid,acolourlessgranule

ofprotoplasm,whichgeneratesa starch-granule;amyloplast'ic, starch-forming;Am'yloses(Amyl, achemicalterm-l-ose),agroupof substancesofwhichcelluloseand starcharethecommonest.

An'ahix,pi.Anab'lces(&a/3iou,I

revive),thosevegetativepartsof

Cryptogamswhichperishbelow,

butvegetateabove,asLycopodium,

Lichens,andHepatics.

anabolic{i-vti,up,/3oX^,athrow, stroke),adj.ofAnab'olism,con- structivemetabolismoftheproto- plasm,thebuildingupofmore complexfromsimplersubstances ; "Baustoflfwechsel"oftheGermans.

Anacamp'ylaX{dvaKdfiirTU,Ibend

back),lacerationsoftheepidermal layerasinsomeAgarics. anacanth'ous(av,without,S.KavBa,a thorn),withoutthornsorspines. anacardia'oeous,resemblingAnacar- dium,Linn.,astoarrangementof fruit,etc.

AnacliOTe'siB(dfax'^/njo'is,agoing

back),retrogrademetamorphosisof anorganorwhorl. anacrog'ynous{av,not,&Kpos,apex, yvvTI,woman),saidofHepaticsin whicharchegoniadonotariseat theextremityoftheshoot,which continuestogrow;Asplenium,etc.

Anaero'be,Anaero'blum,pi.Anaero'bla

{av,without,d/i]p,air,§los,life),an organismabletoliveintheabsence offreeoxygen,asmanybacteria ; fac'ultative~,organismswhichcan liveasAnaerobes;ob'llgate~,those whichcanexistorthriveonlyin theabsenceoffreeoxygen. anaero'bian,-blous,-bic,auaerobio'tic, adj.;Anaerobio'sia,thestateof livingwithoutoxygen;Anae'ro- phyte{(j>vTbv,plant),aplantwhich doesnotneedadirectsupplyof air.

Anal'ogy{avaXoyla,proportion),re-

semblanceincertainpoints,asin formnotfunction,orfunctionnot form,asthetendrilsofthePea,

Smilax,orVine;"thatresem-

blanceofstructureswhichdepends uponsimilarityoffunction"(Dar- win);anal'ogous,resembling,but nothomologous;An'alogues,struc- turescorrespondingtoprevious definition.

Anal'ysls(dpdXucris,releasing),(1)the

examinationofaplanttodeter- mineitsaflBnitiesandposition;(2) thedetailsoftheflower,etc.,ona botanicdrawing. anametad'romous(dvA,up,+Meta-

DBOMous),inthevenationofFerns,

whentheweakerpinnulesareana- 13

AnamorplilBinaudropetalous

dromous,andthestrongerareoata- dromous;Anainorpli'iBm(Crozier), - Anamorph'oaism,Auamorpho'sls (/ud/)0if>iris,ashaping),(1)agradual changeofforminagroupofplants ingeologictime;(2)asimilarohange inagroupnowexisting;(3)astrik- ingchangeinform,theresultof changedconditionsofgrowth (Crozier);anandrar'ious,-rias,an- and'rouB{av^not,dWjp,dvdpbSfa man),havingnostamens,butwith floralenvelopesandpistils. ananth'erous,Ananthe'rum{av,with- out,avSripSs,flowering),appliedto filamentsdestituteofanthers. anauth'ous,-thus{ax,without,fiySos,a flower),wantingtheflower;An'a- phase,Anaph'asis{(pda-is,appear- ance),theformationofdaughter- nucleiinkaryokinesis,following theMetaphasis;An'aphyte{vTdv, plant),thepotentialindependence ofeverybranchorshoot;An'aplast {irXaffTis,moulded),A.Meyer's termforLeucoplastid;Anasar'oa (ffci/jf,a-apxis,flesh),dropsyin plants;anastat'ic(o-rio-is,astand- ing),reviving,ascertainplants afterdesiccation.

Anastomo'sis(dpacro/tow,Iforma

mouth),(1)unionofoneveinwith another,theconnectionforminga reticulation;(2)Vuillemin'aterm forconjugationinMucor,two equalgametesconjugateandare outo£ffromtheparenthyphabya septum.

Anat'omy(ipa,up,rofibsicutting)in

botany,thestudyofstructure ; anat'ropal,morecorrectlyanat'- ropous,anat'ropus(tpotttt),aturn), theovulereversed,withmioropyle closetothesideofthehilum,and thechalazaattheoppositeend.

An'bury,Am'berry,adiseasecausedby

PlasmodiophoraBrassicae,Woron.

, inCrucifers,therootbecoming clubbed. sm'ceps(Lat.two-headed),ancip'ital, ancip'itous,two-edged,flattenedor compressed,asthestemofSisym- hriv/manceps,Cav. 14

Anohu'slu,thecolouringmatterof

AnchusaHnctoria,Linn.,nowre-

ferredtothegenusAlkanna. anols'trus{ir/KiaTpiov,asmallhook), barbed. ander,-dra,-dro,-drum(avTjp,aviphs, aman),inGreekcompounds=the malesex;Androclia'ium{kKiv^],bed), thebedoftheantherinOrchids, anexcavationonthetopofthe column,usuallywrittenClinan-DRiuM;androdioe'cioiis{SU,twice, oIkos,house),usedofaspecieswith twoforms,onemaleonly,theother hermaphrodite;andrody'namous {diva/Ms,power),ofDicotyledonsin whichthestamensarehighlyde- veloped;Androe'cium{oUos,house), themalesystemofaflower,thesta-menscollectively;Androgametan'-gium(yapir-qs,aspouse;dyyitov,a vessel),=Antheridium,theorgan inwhichthemalesexualcellsareformed;And'rogametes,zoosperms,malesexualcells;Androgam'eto- phore{ipepu,Ibear),malesexualformofaplant,asinEquisetum ; androg'enous[yewdui^Ibring forth),male-bearing;~Castra'tion,

theactionofUstilagoantherarum,DC,whenincitingproductionofmaleorgans;Androgonld'ium(-)-Gonidium)=ANURospoBB;androg'-

ynal,androg'ynous-nus(yw^,woman),(1)hermaphrodite,havingmaleandfemaleflowersonthesame inflorescence,asinmanyspecies

ofGarex;(2)occasionallyusedforMONOECIOUS;androgyna'ris(Lat.)ofdoubleflowersinwhichbothstamensandpistilshavebecomepetaloid;androgyn'lcust(Lat.),belonging

to,orofanhermaphroditeflower;androgyniflor'usJ{fios,flons,a

flower),ahybridtermforwhentheheadofacompositebeanhermaphroditeflowers;Androg'y-nism,achangefrommonoecioustodioecious;andromonoe'cious(p,l)vosalone;oTkos,house),havingperfectandmaleflowers,butnofemaleflowers;andropet'alous,andrope-

tala'rius{triToKov,»flowerleaf),

AndrophoreAnime

flowersdouble.thestamenspetaloid, thepistilsunchanged;An'dxopllore,

Androph'oruni{ asupportofacolumnffstamens,as inMalvaceae;(2)astalksupporting anandroecium;An'drophyll(tpiXKov, aleaf),amalesporophyll,astamen;An'drophyte{(pvrhv,aplant),amale plantinthesexualgeneration ;

Androsporan'gium{ciropti,,aseed

; d77eroi',avessel),sporangiumcon- tainingAn'drospores,swarmspores ofOedogoniae,whichgiveriseto

Dwarf-males,destinedtoproduce

spermatozoids;aai'drous,staminate, male.

Anelectrot'onus(o;',without;ifKcKrpov,

amber;rdvos,stress),thediminished excitationproducedonthevital movementsofplantsbyaconstant currentofelectricityfromtheanode.

Anem'onin,anacridsubstance

fromseveralspeciesofAnemone,

Tourn.

anemoph'ilous{&y£ij.os,wind;(piX^a,I love),appliedtoflowerswhichare wind-fertilized,thepollenbeing conveyedbytheair;Anemopli'llae, wind-fertilizedplants;Anemo'sis, wind-shake,adiseaseoftimber- trees. anfraot'uose,anfractvo'sus,anfrac'- tou3,anfrac'tiis(Lat.,acurving), sinuous,astheanthersofgourds ; alsospirallytwisted.

Anglench'yma(a77eio>',avessel;

lyxv/m,aninfusion),vascular tissueofanykind;anglocar'plc, angiooarp'ous,-pus(Kafm-bi,fruit), (1)havingthefruitinvestedby somecoveringwhichmasksit,as intheCupuliferae;(2)with sporesenclosedinsomekindof receptacle;aclosedapotheoiumin

Lichens;Angiog'amae,Ardissone's

groupforAngiospermaandGymno- sperms;Angi'olum,thespore-caseof certainFungi(Lindley);angiomo- nosperm'ous{iiovoi,one;(nvipfia, seed),havingonlyoneseedinthe carpel;Anglosperm'se,An'gio- sperms,plantshavingtheirseeds enclosedinanovary;angiosperm'- al,belongingtotheplantsclassed asAngiosperma;~typeofStomata, characterisedbythedevelopment oftheinnerandouterborderof theircuticle,theouterboider usuallyconsiderablythickened ; angios'porous,usedofCryptogams producingsporesinaclosedrecep- tacle;Angiosp'orae,plantsso characterised.

An'gle,An'gvXus(Lat.,acorner),in

botanynotlimitedtotheinclina- tionoftwolines,butoftenrefersto themeetingoftwoplanestoform anedge,asinangularstems;•-of

Deviation,thatwhichabranchor

similarorganmakeswithitsaxis; "-ofDivergence;thatmeasuredin thecyclebetweensuccessivemem- bersinthesamespiralorwhorl. angulllulaeform'is(Lat.,shapedlike asmalleel),appliedbyKoerberto

Lichen-sporeswhichareworm-like

inshape. ang'ular,angular'is,angula'tus, angulo'sus{angidus,acorner),usedwhenanorganshowsadeterminate numberofangles,asthequadran- gularstemsofLabiatae;~Diver- gence,inphyllotaxis,isgivenunderAngleofdivergence;ang'nlate, angula'tus,moreorlessangular ; angulinerv'ed,angulinerv'iuaJ{ner- vus,anerve),whenveinsforman anglewiththemidrib,asinmost

Dicotyledons;angulodeut'ate{dens,

dentis,atooth),havingangular teeth(Crozier). angustlfo'liate,-lious,-lius{angustus, narrow;folium,aleaf),narrow leaved;angustlsept'al,angustisep- tatus{septum,adivision),having anarrow-partitionedfruit,asthe silicicofThlaspi;Angustiaep'tae, plantssocharacterised.

Anhalo'nine,apoisonousalkaloid

fromAnhaloniumL&winii,Hen- nings;itresemblesStrychnine.

An'ilophyll,aproductfromChloro-

phyllaftertreatmentwithAniline, whencethename.

An'ime,»transparentresinfrom

HymenaeaGowrbaril,Linn.

15 anisatusAnomodromy anisa'tus,partakingofthescent ofAnise,PimpinellaAnisum, Linn. anisob'rious,anisoVrius%(dvicros,un- equal,IfjL^pvov,embryo),aname giventoEndogens,fromoneside beingsupposedtopossessgreater developingforcethantheother, henceonlyonecotyledonis formed;anlsody'namous,-mus, {Sivafus,power)=anisobrious;

Anlaogam'etes{ya/ieTiis,aspouse),

sexualcells,showingadifference betweenmaleandfemale;anis- og'ynous{yvvii,woman),withfewer carpelsthansepals;anlsom'erous, anisomer'icus{/J^pos,apart),where thepartsofaflowerarenotall regular,unsymmetrical;Aniso- mor'phy{fiop^ii,shape),changein formofanorgan,causedbyitsposi- tioninrelationtothehorizonofthe mother-axis;anisopet'alouB,-Zms, (TeraXov,aflowerleaf),havingun- equal-sizedpetals;anisopliyll'ous {tpiWov,aleaf),whenthetwoleaves ofapairarediverseinshapeor size;Ani'sophylly,usedbyKrasser forthedifferentformsofleaf- structureduetodifferenceof position,asinaquaticplants,the submergedorfloating-leaves ;

Anisopby'teB{(pvrov,aplant),

formerlyusedforMuscineae ; aniaosep'alous.-ZMS(Sepalum,calyx- leaf),thesepalsunequal;anlsosta- m'enous(Grozier),anisoste'monous, nus{arriniav,athread)=having stamensofdifferentsize;aniao- atemopet'alua=anisostemonous; aniaotrop'ic,anlaotrop'ous,(rpoirj;, aturn),endowedwithdifferent kindsofirritability;Aniso- trop'lBm,Anlsot'ropy,thequality itself,asshowninleavesandroots whichrespectivelyseekandshun light.

Anla'ge,(Ger.)maybevariously

renderedasrudiment,inception, primordium. annex'ed,annex'us(Lat,fastenedto), =adnate. annot'inous,-nus(Lat.ayearold), 16 appliedtobranchesoflastyear's growth. annual,annua'lis,an'nuvs(Lat. lastingayear),withinoneyear; (1)usedofplantswhichperish withinthatperiod;(2)ofthe ringsinwoodwhichdenotethe year'sgrowth;AnnualRing,the marksseenoncross-sectionofwood, whichshowtherespectivein- crementduringeachyear;^Shoot,=ramusannotinus. an'nular,annularis,annnlar'ius {annidus,aring),usedofany organsdisposedinacircle;^Duct,~Vessel,oneinwhichthesecond- arythickeninghastakenplacein theformofrings;an'nulate, annula'tus,annuliform'is(forma, shape),ring-shaped;Annula'tlon, aringorbelt(Crozier);annulat'i- form,ring-like,astheapexofthe thecaeofSchizcea.

Aa'nulus(Lat.aring);(1)inFerns,

theelasticorganwhichpartially investsthetheca,andatmaturity burstsit;(2)inFungi,aportion oftherupturedmarginalveil, formingafrilluponthestipeafter theexpansionofthepileus;(3) inMosses,theringofcellsbetween thebaseoftheperistomeororifice ofthecapsuleandtheoperculum ; (4)inDiatoms,usedbyW.Smith foracompressedrimofsilex withinthefrustulesofsuchgenera asRhahdoiMTna,Kiitz.;(5)inBqui- setaceae,theimperfectlydeveloped foliarsheathbelowthefruitspike; (6)thefleshyrimofthecorollain Asclepiads,asthegenusStapelia; - Inferus, - mobllis,asdefinedin

1.,~superus,=Akmilla.

anod'al,anod'ic{dvA,,up,6S6i,away), intheupwarddirectionfollowing thegeneticspiral. anom'alous,-lus(a,not,S/xaXos, equal),unlikeitsalliesincertain points,contrarytorule;anomaloe'- olouBJ(oIkos,ahouse),=polygam- ous;Anom'aly,variationfromnormalcharacter.

Anomod'romy{irofua,withoutlaw,

AnophytaAnthochlorin

Spo/ios,acourse),venationwhich

cannotbeassignedtoanyspecial order(Prantl).

Anophy'ta,An'opbytes(dvi),upward,

vT6v,plant),=Bryophyta.

An'sae[ansa,ahandle),thepartial

leafstalksofacompoundleaf;an'- anlate,coiledattheapexandthen bentoverinaloop,astheshootsinsomeCuourbitaceae(Crozier).

Ant-plants,plantsutilizedbyantsfor

habitation;seemtrmecophilous plants. antagonl3t'ic(d;'Ta7a)vi(TTr)s,adversary)

SymMo'sis,wherethesymbionts

arenotmutuallyhelpfulorneutral, buthurtful,atleastonthepartof one.

An'techamber,{ante,before),thespace

immediatelybelowtheguard-cells ofastoma;antemarg'inal{margo, edge)usedofsoriwhicharealittle withinthemargin;anteme'dlusJ {medius,middle)standingbeforethe middleofanotherbody,opposite.

Anten'na(Lat.sail-yard)Darwin's

termfortheslenderprocessofthe rostelluminCatasetum,borrowed fromentomology;autennaeform'ls t{forma,shape)usedofthefruitofAmmimajus,Linn.,thetwostyles suggestingtheantennaeofinsects. anteplacen'tal(amie,before,+Pla- centa)infrontoftheplacentae ; cf.Intbrplacbntal;Anteposit'lon {pono,positum,placed)=Super- position. aute'rior(Lat.thatbefore)(1)oftime, previous;(2)ofplace,positionin front,orturnedawayfromthe axes. an'tero-poste'rior(Lat.later),median.

Anthe'la{dvdi^\i.ov,alittleflower),the

panicleofJuncus,wherethelateral axesexceedthemainaxis.

Anth'emy,Anthe'mia{avBiiiov,flower-

pattern),aflower-clusterofany kind.

An'ther,Anthe'ra{ivBTipos,flowering).

(1)thatportionofastamenwhich containsthepollen,usuallybilocu- lar,andsessile,orattachedtoafila- ment;(2)anoldterrainFungi,for theAntheridium;~Cap,~Case,in

Orchids,theouterdeciduouscase

orbag,whichisvirtuallytheanther minusthepoUinia;~Dust=Pollen; <-Lobes,thecellswhichcontainthe pollen;~Wings,thehorny,lateral expansionsoftheanther-lobesin

Asclepiadeae:antheril'erous,-rus

i/ero,Ibear),anther-bearing;an'- tlierless,destituteofanthers,female orneuterflowers;antherog'enous,nus{yevvda,Ibeget),appliedto doubleflowersarisingfromthe transformationofanthers(DeCan- doUe);an'theroid{eUos,like)anther- like;Antheroma'nia{mania,mad- ness)aninordinatedevelopmentof anthers.

An'therid,Antherld'lum{dveiipos,

flowering,elSos,resemblance);(1) themalesexualorganinCrypto- gams,theanalogueoftheantherin

Phanerogams;(2)inHymenomy-

cetes,anoldtermforCystidium;Antheridan'gia{dyyeioi>,avessel), microsporesofMarsileaandallied plants;Antherid'iophore{ipopioi,I bear),aunisexualgametophore, bearingantheridiaonly,aspecial- isedbranchinSphagnumand

Hepaticae.

Antherophyl'ly{dve-qpos,flowering,

v\\ov,aleaf),thevirescence andphyllomorphyofanthers;Antherosporan'gimn[niropb,,aseed, dyyeiov,avessel),asynonymfor

Microsporangium;Antherozo'a

Antherozo'lds{iSiov,ananimal,

eXSos,resemblance),malemotile cellsprovidedwithcilia,produced inantheridia.

Anthe'sia{dvOijini,flowering),the

expansionoftheflower,thetime whenfertilizationtakesplace.

Anthesmol'yaisJ(Avdos,aflower,

Xiiffis,aloosing),themetamor-

phosisofinflorescence(Lindley) ;

Anthes'mus%aninflorescence;

anthocarp'ous,-pus{Kapirbs,fruit), fruitswithaccessories,sometimes termedpseudocarps,astheStraw- berryorPineapple;AnthocMor'in (xXw/Jos,palegreen),theyellow 17

Anthocliniumantipodal

colouringofflowers;xanthein ;

Anthoclin'lum{k\Ivii,abed),the

receptacleofaComposite;Antlio- cyanin{kvupos,darkblue),the blue,sometimesred,colouringof flowers;Antho'dium(d'vfluSijs, flower-like),thecapitul

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