This meticulous glossary, originally published as a single volume in 1857 but drawing on contributions he made earlier to issues of The Botanist and Maund's
The plant body can be divided into three main parts: roots, stems, and leaves Some botanists refer to the latter two as “shoots” Most students have a good
3 mar 2021 · The botanical name of a plant (more generally the scientific name of an organism) in two parts The first part of a plant name is the genus,
7 jui 2021 · One extremely important concept to understand: plants are not animals Obvi- ously, this phrase has many important meanings First of all, since
botanical literatu re are retained and marked as suc h given to terms of similar and opposite meanings will be branch of economic botany
translations which do not necessarily have the same meaning than the Latin At the end of the list, three tables are given, summarising pollination and
terms applied to plants both by botanists and others Very and physiological botany given to terms of similar and opposite meanings will be
perfect flower - having both stamens and pistils; b~-semal See also imperfect flower peri - Greek prefix meaning around perianth - the floral envelope ;
Professor of Botany, Henslow established the Cambridge University Botanic Garden as a delightful woodcuts that clarify the meaning of selected terms
translations which do not necessarily have the same meaning than the Latin At the end of the list, three tables are given, summarising pollination and seed/fruit
Gray's " Botanical Text-Book,'' Lindley's " Glossary," and Henslow's "Dictionary, " as set forth in the modified or restricted meaning of even well-known terms
in c ertain terms w hic h are found in the earlier botanical dictionaries given to terms of similar and opposite meanings will be branch of economic botany
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ADICTIONARY
BOTANICALTERMS
A.A.CROZIER
NEW'YORK
HENRYHOLTANDCOMPANY
1892
COPYRIGHT,1892,
HENRYHOLTco.
PREFACE.
ITisnownearlytwentyyearssinceanEnglishdictionary
ofbotanicaltermswaspublished,andthedevelopmentof botanyduringthattimehasbroughtintousemanynew termsandledtotheabandonmentofsomeofthosewhich wereformerlyemployed.Thepresentwork,thoughlarger thananyofitspredecessors,isthereforewantingincertain termswhicharefoundintheearlierbotanicaldictionaries.
Afewobsoleteterms,however,whichoccurinstandard
botanicalliteratureareretainedandmarkedassuch.The scopeofthisdictionaryisnearlythesameasthatofits predecessors,exceptthatitisbroaderonthesideofagri cultureandhorticulture,asitaimstoincludealltechnical termsappliedtoplantsbothbybotanistsandothers.Very manyofthenewertermsarefromtheGermanbotanists,to whomweowebyfarthegreaterpartofmodernstructural andphysiologicalbotany.Theseterms,particularly,in cludeanunfortunatelylargenumberofsynonyms,which seemtobeanecessaryresultofactiveresearchbyinde pendentworkersinthesame (elds.Withfewexceptions, node (nitionisrepeated,allapprovedsynonymsbeing broughttogetherunderoneterm.Whereachoiceexisted thishaspermittedthepreferabletermalonetobede (ned.
Noobsoleteorwhollyundesirablesynonyms,however,
accompanythede (nitions,and Ysuchoftheseasoccurin alphabeticalorderhaveusuallybeenadmittedonlytorefer iii
PREFACE.
thereadertotheproperterm.Thecross-referencesfreely giventotermsofsimilarandoppositemeaningswillbe foundusefulinbroadeningthescopeofthede (nitions.
Idesireheretoexpressmygratitudetovariousbotanical
friendsfortheircontributionstothiswork,particularlyto
Dr.W.J.Beal,oftheMichiganAgriculturalCollege,who
hasrevisedtheentiremanuscriptandimprovedmanyof thede (nitions;toProfessorV.M.Spalding,oftheUni versityofMichigan,whohasrevisedandcorrectedthe termsrelatingtofungi;toMr.F.C.Newcombeforaid uponthetermsappliedinkaryokinesis;andtoProfessor L.H.Bailey,ofCornellUniversity,foradvanceproof-sheets ofhisglossaryofhorticulturalterms.
ThemarkingofthepronunciationwasbegunbyMr.B.
PickmanMann,ofWashington,D.C.,andcompletedbyMr.F.P.Jordan,oftheUniversityofMichigan.Intheir workWebster Xsdictionarywasmainlyfollowedasauthority.
ANNARBOR,MICHJanuary,1892.
iv
000000
Eu.SIGNSANDABBREVIATIONS.
u.annuaL .biennial. .perennial. ..staminate. ..pistillate. .perfect. .numerousmorethan twentywhenappliedto stamens. .doubt certainty.Indicatesthat theauthorhasseenthe specimeninquestion. .newspecies.Usedonly withthe 6rstprinted description. .theGreekword Ywell,sometimeswrittenaftera speciestoindicatethatit iscertainlyawell-de [ned species,notavariety.MEASUREMENT. foot. inch. line(T1 ?inch). c.mcentimeter. cubiccentimeter.mm.millimeter. mu(theGreekletterm),micromillimeter,T61 66of
amillimetertheunit ofmicroscopicmeasure ment.Itisabout.000039 ofaninch. xusedtoexpressmagni [ca tion.Thus,x150indi catesamagni 6cationof
150diameters.Theim
properfraction1?indi catesthesame,butthis formislittleused.
ADICTIONARY
BOTANICALTERMS.
A,pre 6xedtowordsofGreekoriginoftensigni 6esabsence,as(ipét Xdlofcs,withoutpetals. BeforeavowelitischangedtoAN,asdndn'thero [s,Withoutanthers.
ABAX XiAL,outoftheaxis.See
EXCENTRIC.ABBRE XVIATED,shorterthananadjoiningorgan,oroneWithwhichitiscompared.
ABER'BANT,differingwidelyfromtheusualformorstrueture;as:theFumariacefehavebeenregardedasanaberrantgroupofPapaveraceae.
ABTGGEN XESTS,seeSPONTANE
OUSGENERATION.ABJEC XTION,throwingoffwithforce,assporesorseeds.ABJOINT' ,toseparateatajoint.
ABITINC'TION,theseparationofonepartfromanother;de
limitation.CompareABSTRIC TION. ABNGR XMAL,differingfromtheusualstructureorcondition.
ABGRIG'TNAL,seeINDIGENOUS.
ABGR XTION,thenon-formationorimperfectformationofanorgan,sothatitdoesnotperformitsusualfunction.ComwpareSUPPRESSION,DEGENERATION,ATROPHY.
ABOR'TIVE,imperfect,orwanting.SeeOBSOLETE.
ABR [PT X
,terminatingsud
denly,asaleafwhichendswithoutataperingextremity,acompoundleafwithoutaterminallea 7et,orastemwhichissharplybent.
ABREPT'LI?Acu'miNME,havingabroadextremityfromwhichapointarises. ABREPT'L?PIN'NAI WE,pinnatewithoutaterminallea 7et,and usuallywithanevennumberoflea )ets.Theremaybea.terminalpointortendril;evenpinnate;equallypinnate. CompareIMPARIPINNATE.cuttingoffsharply,astheseparationofthetrustulesofdiatoms.Compare
ABSTRICTION.
EB'sgissLAY XER,alayerofcellsformedbyrenewedcell-divisioninthebaseoftheleafstalkinautumn,theformationofwhichpermitsthefalloftheleaf.
AbsorptionADICTIONARYAcerose
ABSORPTION,themethodbywhich 7uidsentertheplant.SeeOSMOSEandIMBIBITION.
ABSTRIC'TION,theseparationof
onepartfromanotherbyconstrictionandtheformationofaseptum.Appliedespeciallytotheseparationofsporesfromtheirhyphae.CompareAR
SCISSIONandABJUNCTION.
ACAL XYQINE,withoutcalyx;acalycinous.
ACALYg XiNofIS,seeACALYCINE.
ACAN'THA(pl.Acan'thae),athorn,spine,orprickle.
ACANTHA XQEOIIS.havingthorns,spines,orprickles.
AcANTHoCAR'PoI WIs,havingthefruitfurnishedwithspinesorprickles.
AcANTHOC'LADot XIS,havingspinybranches.
AcANTHOPH'ORofIs,bearingprickles,spines,orthorns.
AcANTHOP'ODofIs,havingthepetioleorpedicelfurnishedwithspinesorprickles.
ACAR XPOfIS,notproducingfruit.
ACAULES'QENQE,anabnormalsuppressionOfthestem.ACAULES XQENT,havingonlyaveryshortaerialleaf-bearingstem,apparentlynone,asinthedandelion;acauline;acaulose;acaulous.
ACAU XLTNE,seeACAULESCENT.
ACAU'LTS,seeACAULESCENT.ACAU XLOSE,seeACAULESCENT.ACAU XLOfIS,seeACAULESCENT.
ACQES'S [RII,additionaltotheusualnumber,oraccompanyingsomethingelse;supernumcrary.Saidoftheadditionalbudswhenmorethanoneoccurinanaxil;appliedtotheborderoftheapothecium
inlichenswhenofadifferentsubstanceorcolorfromthedisk.
ACQES'SéRYBUDS,alsocalledsecondarybudsandsuper
numelarybuds;theadditionalbudswhenmorethanoneoccurinorneartheaxil,asinthebutter.nut CCES'SORYCELL,thesistercellofaguard-;cellsubsidiarycell.
AogEsSORYFRUIT,oneinwhichsomeadditionalpartor
paitsisassociatedwiththematuredovary,asintheWin tergreen,Gaulthem X apace-um
bens;anthocarpousfruit.Thetermisnotappliedtofruitswithanadherentcalyx-tube,astheappleandcurrant.CompareAGGREGATEFRUITand
COLLECTIVEFRUIT.
ACCESSORYGONID'IA,gonidialformationsinsomespeciesofMucoriniinadditiontothetypicalkind.
AoginEN'TAL,seeADVENTI
TIOUS.
ACCGMMODA XTION,seeADAPTA
TION.
ACCRES XCENT,increasinginsizeafter \owering; Vappliedtopartsaccessorytothefruit,asthecalyxofPhysalis.ACCRETE X
,growntogetherin anymanner.ACCRE XTION,thegrowingofonethingtoanothergrowthbyadditionofparticlestotheout Side.
ACCTIM XBENT,lyinguponoragainstanotherbody,astheedgeofthecotyledonsagainstthecaulicleinsomeCruciferaz.
CompareINCUMBENT.
ACEPH XALOUS,headless;saidof
anovarywhenthestyleisat tachedtosomeotherpartthanthesummit.AQEROSE X ,narrow,stiff,and
AcervateOFBOTANICALTERMS.Acrogynous
pointed,liketheleavesofthe 6r.IntermediateinformbetweenAcicularandSubulate.
AQER XVATE,growinginheapsorclusters;coacer.vate
CER'vULUs(pl.Acerr'vuli),asmallheap,asofspor.esACETABU XLIFORM,deepsaucershaped,withabroadconcavebottomandnearlyuprightsides.CompareCOTYLIFORM.usedforsalads.
AQ XETOSE,sour;acid.
AGHJE XNIUM,seeACHENIUM.ACHE XNOCARP,anySimpledryindehiscentfruit.(Masters)ACHEI XLARII,destituteofalabel
lum,assomeorchids.ACHENE X ,seeACHENIUM.ACHE XNIUM(pl.Ache'nia),asmall,dry,indehiscent,oneseededseed-likefruitorcarpel
inwhichthecoveringdoesnotadheretotheseed,asinthesun 7owerorbuttercup;acbwnium;achene;akene.CompareCARYOPSIS,UTRICLE,CYPSELA.
AcHENO XDIUM,seeCREMOCARP.ACHLAMY XDEOUS,destituteofcalyxandcorolla.ACHROMAT XIC,notreadilycoloredbytheusualstainingagents.
AcERO'MATIN,thebasicsubstanceOfthenucleus,lesshighlycoloredbystainingagentsthantherest.AGIG XULA(pl.AcicGila V
e),aneedleshapedspine,prickle,orotheIbody.
Agio'ULAR,slenderneedleor
bristleshaped,astheleavesofmostpines;aciculate;aciculiform;aciform.Compare
ACEROSE.
CIC XULATE,seeACICULAR.
AgIC'ULATED,markedby 6negrooves,asifscratchedwithaneedle.Finerthanstriate,andnotnecessarilyparallel.
Agic'ULIYORM,seeACICULAR.
A'gIES,anedge.
Ag'IFORM,seeACICULAR.
AgINA'gEoUs,fullofkernels.
(Rare.
AQINAQ XIFGRM,scymitarshaped Vhavingoneedgethinandconvex,andtheotherthickandstraightorconcave,likemanybean-pods.AQ XINE,oneofthesucculentcarpelsofafruitliketheraspberry;acinus.(Originally
Acinusmeantabunchofgrapes
orsimilarfruit,asthecurl-ant,andlaterthetermwasappliedtooneoftheberriesofsuchabunchandtotheseedsofthegrape.)AQINOSE X
,consistingofgranularbodiessomewhatresemblinggrape-seed.Morerarely,resemblingagrape-berryorbunchofgrapes.Ag XINUS(pl.Ac Xini),seeACINE.ACCTYLED XONOUS,destituteofcotyledons,asCuscuta.
ACRAMPHIB'RYOUS,saidofplantswhosegrowthisnotcon 6nedtotheapex,i.e.,whichproducelateralaswellas terminalbuds.(Rare)Compare.ACROGENOUS.ACRUB XRYOUS,seeACROGENOUS.ACROCAR XPOUS,havingterminal
fructi [cation.Usedchie 7yinmosses.CompareCLADOCARPOUS.ACROG'ENOUS,growingchie 7yattheapex,asthestemofferns;producedattheapexofa 6lament,asthesporesofsomefungi.
ACRUG XINOUS,havingthestemterminatedbyarchegoniaor
AcropetalADICTIONARYAdnate
otherfemaleorgans.Compare
ANACROGYNOUS.
ACRCP XETAL,producedinsuccessiontowardtheapex;inthedirectionofthesummit;basifugal;centripetal(whenappliedtotheorderofin \orescenceonly).CompareBASIP
ETAL.
ACRCSCCP XIC.facingtheapex.
CompareBASISCOPIC.
AC XRCSPIRE,anoldnamefor
theplumuleofagrainingermination.
AC XRCSPCRE,asporeborneatthesummitofa 6lament.
ACTINOMOR'PRIC,regularandpolysymmetrical,asthe 7owersofradish,i.e.,capableofbisectionintwoormoreplanesintosimilarhalves.
CompareZYGOMORI XHIC.
ACTINCMCR XPHOUS,seeACTINOMORPHIC.AC'TIVE,inagrowingcondition; OpposedtoDormant.ACU'LEATE,havingprickles,prickle-pointed;aculeated. ACU XLECLATE,havingsmallorfewprickles.ACU XLEUS(pl.Acu'lei),see
PRICKLE.ACU'MINATE,endinginaprolongedtaperingpoint.ACU XMINOSE,havingasharportaperingpoint;somewhatacuminate.(Rare)ACUMIN XULATE,havingasmallacuminatepoint.ACUTE X
,endinginadistinctangle;butnotprolonged.ACYC XLIC,havingalltheOIgansofa 7owerinacontinuous
SpiIal.CompaleHEMICYCLICandCYCLIC.ADAPTA XTION,themodi 6cationofaplanttobetter 6titforsurroundingconditions,orofanorganforaparticularfunc
tIon;accommodation.CompareMETAMORPHOSIS. ADEL'PHIA,(pl.Adél XphiaE),acollectionofstamensunitedbytheir 6laments.Compare
PHALANX.
ADEL XPHOUS,havingthestamensunitedbytheir 6lamentsinanadelphiaorbundle.
ADEN'IFCRM,gland-shaped;
adenoid.
ADEN'OPHORE,astalksupportingagland.
AUENCPH XCRQUS,gland-bear
Ing.
ADENOPIIYL'LOUS,havingon
theleavesglands,orgland-likespotsortubercles. ADENCP XCDOUS,havingglandsorgland-liketuberclesonthepetioles.ADENCSE X
,gland-like,orbearingglands;adenoid;adenous.AD XENOUS,seeADENOSE.AD XESMY,theseparationofpartsusuallyjoined.CompareCHORISIS,DIALYSIS,FISSION.ADGLU XTINATE,seeAGGLUTI
NATE.ADHE'RENT,attachedorgrowingtoanorganorbodyofa
differentnature,asthecalyxtotheovary.Thepartsmayormaynothavegrowntogetherfromthe 6rst.CompareCOBRENTandADNATE.
DHE X§ION,thestickingorgrowingtogetheroforgansofadifferentnatureasaleaftothestem.ItimplIesaunionofpartswhichinmostotherplantsorinayoungerstateofthesameplantareseparate.
DNAS'CENT,growingtooruponsomethingelse;as,mossis
anadnascentplant.AD XNATE,saidofpartsofadif
AdnationOFBOTANICALTERMS.Agamospore
ferentnaturewhicharegrowntogetherfromthe 6rst,orovertheirwholesurfaceorlength.
(CompareCONNATE.)Appliedtoananther,itindicatesthatitisattachedthroughoutitslengthtotheupperorlowersurfaceofthe 6lament.CompareINNATE.SeeADHERENT.
ADNA XTION,thesameasadhesion,butimplyinganearlierormorecompleteunion.
ADPRESS'ED,seeAPPRESSED.
ADSQEN XDENT,seeASCENDING.
ADSUR'GENT,seeASCENDING.
ADUIS XCOUS,crooked,twisted,or
vhooked;(Rare)ADVENTI XTIOUS,outoftheusualplace,asbudsonaleaforatadistancefromanode;growingspontaneouslyoutofitsnativelocality,butnotfullyestab
lished:adventive.AnvEN'TIVE,seeADVENTI
TIOUS.AD XVERSE,(1)opposite(rare):
(2)directedtowardorfacingthemainaxisorotherobject.
CompareAVERSE.
ADVERsIFo'LIATE,seeADVER
SIFOLIOUS.
ADVERsIEt W
I'LioUs,havingop
positeleaves;adversifoliate.
QID XICSPCRE,asporepro
ducedinanmcidium. QID XIUM(pl.Eeid XiA),thecupshapedspore-casewithitscontentsincertainUredineae,in which Wthesporesareproducedseriallyfrombelow;aecidiumfruit.
AEREN XCHIMA,tissuehomologouswithcork,withthincellwallsandlargeintercellularspaces,foundinthestemsofsomemarsh-plants,asI/ythrumItissupposedbySchenk,theauthoroftheterm.toserveforaeration.butbyHt
H(
O(othersitisregardedas 7oatingtissue.
AE'RIAL,growingintheair,notattachedtothesoil,asaparasiteorepiphyteuponthetopofsomeotherplant.
AE XRIALROOTS,thoseappearingaboveground,whethertheyafterwardsenterthegroundornot,astheclingingrootsoftheivyandthebrace-rootsof
Indiancorn.
AERO XBIA(sing.Aero'bium),or
ganisms Xwhichthriveonlyinthepresenceof.airorfreeoxygen.Appliedinbacteria.
CompareANAEROBIA.
AERICBICT XIC,thrivingonlyinthepresenceofair.
A XERCCI XST,anoldnameforairbladder.
A'EROPHYTE,seeAIR-PLANT.
A'ERCTRCP XIC,seekingtheair,ascertainroots.
ERU'GINOSE,clearlightbluishgreen;verdigris-green.
ERU'GINOUS,seeERUGINOSE.
fESTIVAL,seeEsTIvAL. ESTIVA XTION,thearrangementofthe 7oralorgansinthebud; prae \oration.
ETHA XLIUM.acompoundspo
riferousbodyinMyxomycetes,formedfromalargecombinationofplasmodia. AFFIN XITI,trueornearrelationship.CompareANALOGYand HOMOLOGY.AGAM XIC,destituteofsex.Formerlyappliedtoallcryp togams.AG XAMOGEN XESIS,asexualreproductionofanykind.See
PARTHENOGENSISandAPOGAMY.
AGAM'CSPCRE,asporeformedwithoutfertilization; Vago
AgamousADICTIONARYAlbumen
nidiumorasexuallyproducedsporeofanykind.(Rare)AG XAMOUS,seeAGAMIC.
AGGLCM XERATE,seeACGLOM
ERATED.
AGGLOM'ERATED,clusteredor
crowdedtogetherbutnotcohering,asthestaminate 7owersofpines.
AGGLU XTINATED,gluedtogether.CompareACCRETE.
AG'GREGATED,collectedtogetherbutnotcohering.
AboutthesameasAgglomerated.
AG'GREGATEFLOWERS,thosewithseveralinthesamehead,asinclover.ThetermexeludesCompositae.
AG XGREGATEFRUIT,oneinwhichdistinctcarpelsofasingle 7owerarecrowdedonthereceptacleintoonemass,asintheraspberryandmagnolia;syncarp.CompareCOL
LECTIVEFRUIT.
AGGREGA XTION,thecondensa
tionoftheprotoplasmofalivingcell,orofsomeofthe
containedproteidsunderstimulation. 6rstobservedinthetentaclecellsofDroseraandsubsequentlyproducedinthecellsofotherplantsbymeansofvariousbasicsubstances.
AGRICULTURALBOTANY.thatbranchofeconomicbotanywhichtreatsofweedsandcul tivatedplants.Itincludesthesystematicstudyofsuchplants
andtheirmethodsofreproduction,thelawsofimprovementanddegenerationinplants,etc.,alsovegetablepathology
initsapplicationtocultivatedplants.AGROSTOG'RAPEY,seeAGROS
TOLOGY.AGRCSTCL XCCI X
,thepartofbotanyrelatingtograsses.
AG XYNOUS,withoutpistils.
AI XGRET,anyfeatherycrownortuftattachedtotheseed,asthecomaofthemilkweedorpappusofthethistle;aigrette;egret.
AIGRETTE X
,seeAIGRET. AIR-BLADDER,anorgan 6lledwithairforthepurposeof 7oatingtheplantinwater,as inthesea-weedFucus;air-sac;air-cell.
AIR-CHAMBER,seeSTOMATICCHAMBERandAIR-PASSAGE.
AIR-PASSAGE,anextendedopeningbetweenthecellscontainingair,asinthestemsofmanywater-plants;lacuna;air-chamber.
AIR-PLANT,aplantgrowingintheairdetachedfromthesoil,ascertainorchids;aerophyte.
Generallyappliedonlytoepiphytic 7oweringplants.
AIR-FORE,seeSTOMA.
AKENE XseeACHENIUM.
ALA(pl.Ala V
e),seeWING.ALABAS XTRUM,anoldtermfor \ower-bud.A XLAR,(1)borneintheforksof astem;(2)relatingtoorhavingwings.SeeALATE.A XLATE,seeVVINGED.
A XLATE-PIN XNATE,pinnatewithawingedpetiole.
ALBES'QENT,whitish;candicant.AL XBICANT,seeALBESCENT.AL XBINISM,seeCHLOROSIS.
ALBI XNO,aplantorvarietynear
lydestituteofchlorophyll,orofwhichthefruitisabnormal ly_whiteorcolorless.ALBU XMEN,nutritivematerialinmanyseedssurroundingor
AlbumenCrystalsOFBOTANICALTERMS.Ambigenus
adjoiningtheembryo,endo~ spermorperisperm.
ALBU XMENCRYSTALS,
CRYSTALLOIDs.
ALBU XMINOID.anorganicsubstancecontainingnitrogeninitscomposition,asprotoplasm;proteid.
ALBU XMINOUS,furnishedwithalbumen.
ALBUR XNOUS,having,consistingof,orpertainingto,albur nulll. ALBUR XNUM,sap-wood;asome.whatdistinct.usuallylightercolored,outerzoneofwoodinmanyexogenoustreesand
Shrubs.
ALECTO XRIOID, [liform,likethethallusofthegenusAlectoria inlichens.ALEU XRONE,proteine-grainswhichreplacestarchinthecotyledonsoralbumenofcertainoilyseeds.
ALGCL XCCI,thepartofbotanyrelatingtoalgae.ALIF XEROUS,havingwings.AL'IFORMwing-shaped.ALIG'EROUS,seeAnsnnocs.sausage-Shaped;botuliform;narrowlyoblong;cylindricalwithsomewhathemisphericalterminations.
ALLAssoToN'IcMOVEMENTS,atermappliedbyVriestothemovementsofmatureorgans,asthesleepofplants;movementsofvariation.CompareAUXO
TONICMOVEMENTS.
ALLIA XgEOUS,havingtheodororotherqualitiesofthegenus Allium,whichincludestheonionandgarlic.ALLI XANQE,seeCOHORT. ALLCG XAMOUS,habituallycrossfertilized.ALLCG'AMY,cross-fertilization.
CompareAUTOGAMY.
ALLOT XRCPI§M,appearanceunderanunusualform.
ALPES'TRINE,growingonhighmountainsbelowthetimberline,oronthetopsofinferiormountains;mountainous.
ALPHITOMOR'PHOUS,resemblingbarleymeal.saidofcertainfungi(Rare)AL'PINE,growingonmountainsabovethetimber-line.ALTERNATE,appliedtoleaves,indicatesoneatanode;appliedtopartsofthe 7ower,in
dicatesthatthemembersofonewhorlareplacedOppositetheintervalsbetweenthemembersofthenextwhorl.ALTER XNATELYPIN XNATE,pinnatewiththepinnaeorleafletsalternatingonopposite
Sidesoftherachis.ALTERNA XTIONorGENERATIONS,thegrowthofIeproductivebodiesintostructuresdif
feringfromthatonwhichtheywereproduced,toreturnafteroneormoregenerationstotheoriginalstageorform.Thus,thesporeoffernsproducesasmallprothallus,anduponthissexualbodiesarebornewhichafterfertilizationreproducetheoriginalfern-plant.See
METAGENESIS.
ALUTA XQEOUS,ofapalebrowncolor;resemblingsofttannedskinincolorortexture. (Rare)AL'VEOLATE,deeplypittedsoastoresemblehoney-comb,likethereceptacleof'many
Compositae;faveolate;favose.
AMBIG XENUS,havingtheoutersurfaceoftheperianthresemblingacalyxandtheinnersurfaceacorolla.
AmbiguousADICTIONARYAmphitropous
AMBIG"UOUS,indistinctordoubtful,sothatitcannotwellbereferredtoanyde 6niteconditionorplaceinasystemofclas.
si [cation,asabractwhichhasnearlytheappearanceofanordinaryleaf.oraspecieswhichisdoubtfullyofhigherrankthanavariety,oronewhichitisdif [culttodetermineintowhichoftwogeneraitshouldbeplaced.AMBIP XAROUS,producingtwokinds.asabudwhichproducesdirectlyboth 7owersandleaves.AM XENT.aSlenderspikeofnakedandusuallyseparated 7owerswithimbricatedscalesorbracts;amentum;julus;catkin.Staminateamentsareusuallydeciduous.AMEN XTA.plseeAMENTUM
AMENTA XQEOUS,resembling,consistingof.pertainingto,orbearingaments;asanamenta ceousin 7orescenceorplant.AMENT XIFCRM,amentaceous; juliform.AMEN XTUM(pl.Amén Xta),see AMENT.AM'IDOPLAST,seeLEUCOPLAST.AMMOPH'ILOUS,growinginsandyplaces.
AM XNICS,thecontentsofthe
embryo~sacbeforetheformationoftheembryo.Seldom
used.AMGE XBOID,assumingvariousshapes,liketheAmoebaAMOR XPHOUS,withoutde 6niteform.structure,orposition.AMPHAN XTHIUM,seeCLINAN
THIUM.AM'PHIASTER,atermforthecombinednuclearspindleandcytastersinkaryokinesiswhenthelatterarepresent,whichisrareinplants.Thetermis
8alsoappliedtothecombinedcytastersonly.
AMPHIB XIOUS,growingreadily
eitherinwaterorupondryland.
AMPHIB XRYOUS,growingbyad
ditionsoverthewholesurface.AMPHICAR XPIC,producingtwokindsoffruit.eitherasregardsformorperiodofripening;amphicarpous.CompareHET
EROCARPOUS.AMPHICAR XPOUS,seeAMPHICARPIO.
AMPHIG XAMOUS,seeAGAMIC.AMPHIGAS'TER,usedbyBennettandMurrayforAmphigas trium.AMPHIGAS XTRIA(sing.Amphi gastrium),peculiarscale-likeleavesaccompanyingthoseofordinaryformasathirdrow upontheundersideofthestem incertainHepaticae.AMPHIG XENOUS,growingoneithersurfaceofaleaf.Said
chie 7yofcertainparasiticfungi.AMPHISAR XCA,anyindehiscentfruit,hardanddryexternallyandpulpywithin,asagourd.
(Rare)AMPHISPER'MOUS,closelyinvestingtheseedsoastohavethesameform,astheovaryin
Gramineae.AMPHIT XROPAL,seeAMPHIT
ROPOUS.AMPHIT XROPOUS,havingthefu
niculusattachedtotheovuleorseedforhalfthedistancebetweenthechalazaandmicropyle;semianatropous;half
anatropous;half-inverted;hemitropous;heterotropoustransverse;amphitropal.Appliedtotheembryoitmeanscurvedsothatbothendsarebroughtclosetogethe
Amphora.OFBOTANICALTERMS.Anamorphism
AM XPHCRA.thelowerdivisionofa.pyxis.
AMPLEC XTANT,embracingorclasping,astendrils,orthesheathofgrasses. AMPLEX'ICAUL,partiallysur~roundingorclasping.thestem,asthebaseofmanyleaves.
CompareSHEATHINGandPER
FOLIATE.
AM XPLIATED,enlarged,ormod
eratelydilated.AMPUL XLA,seeBLADDER. AMPULLA'gEoUs.in 7ated,andswellingouttowardthebaselikeabladderorshort 7ask.
CompareLAGENIFORM.AMYG XDALINE.pertainingtoorresemblingthealmond.AMYLA XQEOUS,pertainingto,composedof,orresemblingstarch;AMYLCGEN'ESIS,starch-formation.
AMYLCGEN XIC,starch-forming.
Appliedtochlorophyll-granulesandsimilarbodieswhichoriginatestarch.AM XYLOID,acolloidsubstancehavingnearlythepropertiesofboiledstarchwhichisfound
inmanysea-weedsandintheseedsofthebean,thealmond,etc. AMYLCLYT XIC,pertainingtothetransformationofstarchintoothersubstances,asamylolytz W cdiastase.
AM'YLUM,starch.
AMYLUMBODIES,seePYRE
NOIDS.
AMYLUMSTAR,seeSTARCH
STAR.
AN XABIX(pl.AnAb Xieés),astemlikethatofmanyferns,etc.,whichcontinuallydiesbelowandgrowsabove.(Rare)ANABOL'IC,appliedbyGeddes
9totheseriesofascendingmeta
bolicchangesinprotoplasmbywhichfoodisassimilated.
CompareKATABOLIC.See
ASSIMILATION.
ANACAN XTHOUS,withoutspines.
AnACROG'YNoUs,appliedin
JungermannieaebyLeitgebtoformsinwhichthearchegoniadonotariseuponorneartheapexoftheshoot,whichthereforeusuallycontinuestogrowaftertheirformation.CompareACROGYNOUS.
ANAERO XBIA(sing.Anaerobium),organismsunabletoliveorthriveinthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Appliedtocertainbacteria.CompareAEROBIA.
ANAERCB XIC,seeANA WEROBIOTIC.
ANAERCBICT XIC,beingunabletoliveincontactwithairorfreeoxygen.assomebacteria.orcapableoflivinginanat mospheredestituteOfoxygen;anaerobious;anaerobic.
ANAERCB XIOUS,seeANAEROBIOTIC.
ANAE'RoPHYTE,aplantwhichdoesnotneedadirectsupplyofair.AN'ALCGUE,anorganorbody resemblingorhavingthefunctionofanotherwithwhichitiscompared.
ANAL XCGY,resemblanceincertainrespects,asingeneralappearanceorfunction.Appliedtoorgansortoclassesofplants.CompareAFFINITY,
HOMOLOGY,andMORPHOLOGY.ANAL XYSIS,thesystematicexaminationofaplantpreliminarytodeterminingitsposition
intheclassi 6cation.Compare
DETERMINATION.ANAMCRPH XI§M,seeANAMORPHOSIS.
Anamorphosis
ANAMOR'PHOSis,(1)agradualchangeofform(generallyascending)tracedinagroupofplantsthemembersofwhichhavesucceededeachotherinpointofgeologicaltime;(2)asimilargradationofformbetweenthemembersofagroup
nowexisting;(3)aremarkableorprofoundalterationofformresultingimmediatelyfromachangeintheconditionsofgrowth.
ANAN XDROUS,withoutstamens.ANAN'THEROUS,withoutanthors.ANAN XTHERUM(obs),seeSTA MINODIUM.ANAN'THOUS,without 7owers.Strasburger Xstermforthephenomenaofkaryoki nesisfollowingthemetaphases
(whichsee)uptotheformationoftherestingdaughternuclei,seeLEUCOPLAST.ANAS XTCMCSE,tocommunicateorunitewithoneanother,astheveinsofleaves.ANASToMo'sIs(pl.Anastom6'
ség),theinosculationorjunctionofsimilarparts,oftenforminganetwork,asintheveinsofleaves.ANAT'OMI'i,VEGETABLE,VEGETABLEANATOMY.ANAT'RoPoUs,appliedtoanovuleorseedwhichgrowssothatthefuniculuscoherestoandformsaraphealongitswholelength"bringingthehilumneartheforamenandthechalazaattheapparentapex,asinLiliaceae;anatropal.ANQIP XITAL, 7attenedandtwoedged,asthestemofPanicum
anceps;ancipitous.ANQIP XITOUS,seeANCIPITAL.ANDROCLIN XIUM,seeCLINAN
DRIUM.S86ADICTIONARYAndrous
ANDRCG XYNAL,seeANDROGY
NOUS
ANDRoG'Ynism,thechangefromadioecioustoamonce
ciouscondition. ANDRCC XYNOUSmonoeciouswiththestamlnateandpistillate 7owersinthesamein \o rescence.SaidmainlyoftheheadsofcertainCompositae.
ComparePOLYGAMOUS.
ANDROMONcE'CIoUs.havingstaminateandperfect 7owersonthesameplant,butnopis tillate 7owers.CompareAN
DRODIcEcIOUs.SeePOLYGA
MOUS.ANDROPET XALOUS,saidof \owerswhichhavebecomedoublebytheconversionofpetalsintostamens.(Rare)AN'DROPHORE,acolumnofunited 6laments,supportingtheanthers;staminealcolumn.
ANDRCPH XCRUM,seeANDROPHORE.ANDROSPORAN'GIUM,asporan~giumcontainingandrospores.AN XDRCSPCRE,akindofasexual
lyproducedzoogonidiumorswarm-porein(Edogoniezewhichdevelopsintosmallmaleplantscalled Ydwarfmales;androgonidium.AN XDROUS,pertainingtostamens;male.
10ANDRODItE'gIofIS,havingperfeet 7owersononesetofplantsandstaminate 7owers
onanotherset,butnoindi vidualswithpistillate )owers.
CompareANDROMONtECIOUs
andGYNODICECIOUS.SeePO
LYGAMOUS.
ANDRtE'gIt WIM,thestamensofa 7owertakentogether.
ANDRCGCNID XIUM,seeANDRO
SPORE
AnnularADICTIONARYAntherozoid
AN XNULAR,intheformofacircleorzone.
ANNULARDUCTS,seeVESSELS.
ANNULARvES'SELs,vesselsmarkedwiththickeningsintheformofaring.AN XNULATE,markedwithringsorcirculartransverselines;an
nulated.AN XNULATED,seeANNULATE.ANNULA XTION,aringorbelt.AN'NULOSE,furnishedwithorcomposedofrings.AN XNULUS(pl.An Xn [li),anybodyintheformofaring;theringorbandofthick-walledcellsinthesporangiumOfmostfernswhichbycontraetionburststhesporangiumandliberatesthespores;theringofcellsupontheinnersideofthebaseoftheperistomeattheori 6ceofthethecainmanyspeciesofmosseswhichisthrownofftodetachtheoper
culum;theringonthestemofmushrooms;theabortivefoliarsheathatthebaseOfthespike inEquisetum.AN XCDAL,seeANODIc. NCD XIC,appliedtotheedgeofaleafwhichaleaf-spiralleaves
initsupwardcourse.Inaright-handedspiralitwouldbetherightedgeoftheleaf,andmiceverse.CompareCATHODIC.ANOM'ALOUS,unusualinappearance;contrarytorule;abnormal;irregular.ANCM XALY,anydeviationfromtheessentialorusualcharacter.AN XSULATE,coiledattheapexandthewholecoilbentoversoastomakealoopprojectingabovethecoil,asthegrowingextremityofthevineofthemusk-melon.AN XTECHAMBEB,theupper.
12(outer)angleorspacebetweentheguard-cellsofastoma.
CompareVESTIBULE.ANTEN XNE(sing.twoslenderhorn-likeprolongationsoftherostelluminthegenusCatasetuminorchidswhich,uponbeingtouchedbyaninsectorotherobject,causetheliberationoftheretinaculumattheirbaseandtheejectionofthepollinium.ANTEP6§i XTION,seeSUPERPOSITION.
AnTE XRiO-Posrn'moaPLANE,seeMEDIANPLANE.ANTE XRiéR,thesideofa 7ower,leaf,orotherorganawayfromthemainstemoraxis;inferior;exterior;infront.
CompareDORSAL.
ANTHE'LA,apaniculatecymewiththelateralaxesovertoppingthecentral,asinmanyspeciesofJuncusand
Luzula.
AN XTHEMY,a \ower-clusterofanykind.(Obs)AN'THER,thepollen-bearingpartofastamen.AN XTHERiD XifJM(pl.Anther
id Xia),themaleorganinthehighercryptogamsWithinwhichantherozoidsarepro. duced.
ANTHERiF XERo [s,anther-bear
ing. AN XTHER-LOBES,thecellsorsacsofananther,usuallytwo innumber,containingthepollen.
AN XTHEROID,anther-like.
ANTHERGSPORAN'éiuM(pl.Antherosporan'gia),seeMICRO
SPORANGIUM.
AN'THERozom,oneofthemotilefertilizingbodiesproduced inanantheridium;spermatozoid.
Anthesis
ANTHE XSTS,thetimeoractof )owering; \orescence.
ANTHOCAR'PousFRUIT,generallyusedforCollectivefruit,butmoreproperlyforAccessoryfruit. ANTHGCLiN XifIM,seeCLINANTHIUN,ANTHG'lIM,thecapitulumorheadof 7owersinCompositae (popularlycalleda 7ower).
CompareCLINANTHIUM.
AN XTHOID,resemblinga 7ower.
ANTHéLiTE,afossil 7ower.
ENTHGL Ximis,aretrogrademet
amorphosisofa 7owerbywhichnormallyunitedorcon
tiguouspartsareseparated;solutionofa 7ower.Thepartsofthealtered 7owermayormaynotbechangedincharacter.
[N XTH [PHGRE,astalkorinternodesometimesdevelopedbetweenthecalyxandcorolla,asinSilene. ANTH [TRX'iS,thearrangementof 7owersinanin 7orescence;anthotaxy.
AN XTHOTAXTLseeANTHOTAX
1s.
ANriCLi'NZiL,saidofcell-walls
oranylineswhenperpendiculartotheoutersurface.ComparePERICLINAL.
ANTI'CO [S,faciuganteriorly.
ANTTD XR [MAL,twistedorcoiled
inanOppositedirectiontothatwithwhichitiscompared,aswhentheleaf-spiralofabranchturnsintheopposite directionfromthatofthestem;antidromous.Compare
HOMODROMOUSandHETEROD
Romons.
[NTiD XRGMOfIS,seeANTIDRO MAL. ANTiD XROM?,havingthecourseOFBOTANICALTERMS.ApicalCell ofaspiralreversedfromthe usualdirection.
ANTlM?06T'iC,see
DALFUNGICI
situatedANTiPATHET XiC,saidofplantswhichdonotunitereadilywhengrafted.
Aurirnnuu'cuLAR,oppositetoapeduncle.
ANTiPET XALOfISsituatedoppositetoapetal,i.e.,directlybetweenthepetalandtheaxis; antepetalous.
Aurir'onflLCELLS,agroupoffourcellsatthelowerendoftheembryo-sac,oneofwhich,destituteofawall,isthelowerpolarnucleus.CompareEGG
APPARATOs
ANTlSEP XTlC,preventingputrefaction.
ANTiT XRéPAL,seeANTITROPOUS.
ANTTT XRGPO [S,havingtherad
icleoftheembryodirectedawayfromthehilum,asin orthotl'opousseeds.
Aurizrmor'ic,preventingorcheckingfermentation.
ANTRORSE'
,directedupwardorforward.CompareANTI COUS.
APERTSP [R'MiC,seeEXALBUMI
Nous
APET XALofIs,destituteof0010]la.
A'PEX(pl.ApexesorAp'ices),theextremityoppositethepointofattachment. APHnLio'rRoP'ic,turningfromthesun;negativelyheliotrop ic.
ArHvL'Lofls,withoutleaves.
APHi'H/LS'Ltheabnormalsuppressionofleaves.
Ap'icaLCELL,thegeneratingcellofagrowingpoint.
ApicalConeADICTIONARYAquatic
AP XiCALCONE,seePUNCTUM
VEGETATIONIS.
APTC X [LATE,terminatedbyanabruptshortacutepoint.
APIC XIZJLATED,seeAPICULATE.APIC XULUS(pl.Apic Xuli),asmallacutepoint. APLAN XOSPORE,appliedbyWilletononmotilereproductivecellsformedbyrejuvenescence inConjugateaeandsomeothergreenalga. APLAS XTTC,notcapableofbeingorganized,orconvertedintoanimalorvegetabletissue. APOCAR XPO [S,havingthecarpelsseparateoreasilyseparable,asinRanunculus;dialy'carpous. APOG XAMihabitualnon-sexualreproduction,especiallyvege tativereproductionwheresexualreproductionusuallyoccurs,asinthebuddingofaprothallusinferns.Compare
PARTHENOGENESISandVEGETIVEAPOGAMY.
APGGEOTRGPTC,growingawayfromtheearth,asordinarystems.Arbrnr'l Wimfls,havingthepet.alsofthecorollaunattachedtoeachother;eleutheropetalous;polypetalous.APGPH XYL XLOTIS,sometimesusedforaposepalous,especiallyin 7owershavingbutoneperianthwhorl.AP62H X?SATE,havinganapOph~
ysrs.
APOPH XYSTS,anenlargementofthesetabelowthethecaincertainmosses;athickeningonthescalesoftheconesofcertainpines;anyirregularswelling.APGSEP'ALOfTS,havingtheleavesofthecalyxunattachedtoeachother.
14APGS XTASIS,atermappliedby
Engelmanntotheseparationoforgansbyanunusualextensionoftheinternodes;solution.CompareDIALYSIS.
ArbsrabrnE,thecollectionoftheprotoplasmandchlorophyllgrainsalongthesidewallsofacellinsteadoftheoutersurface Voftencausedbycoldorexcessorde 6ciencyoflight.Whencausedbyde 6ciencyoflight,asatnight,itiscallednegativeapostrophe";when
causedbytoobrightalight,positiveapostrophe.CompareEPISTROPHEandSYSTROPEE. APOTHE'g [TM(pl.Apothecia),theascocarpinlichens.See
DISCOCARP,SHIELD,andPERITHECIUM.
APPEND'AGE,anysuperaddedorsubordinatepart;ashairs,prickles,leaves,etc.,uponastem. havinganunusualappendageorappendages,asawingedpetiole,orspurredcorolla.
AP XPLANATE, 7attenedoutor
horizontallyexpanded.CompareEXPLANATEandCOMPLANATE.
AP XPLiCATiVE,seeCONDUPLI
CATE.
Ar'rost'rE,closetogether;sidebyside.
APPRESSED'
,lyingclose,asleavestoastem;adpressed.
Arrnox'iMArE,closetogetherbutnotunited.CompareRE~
MOTE. AP'TERous,havingnodilatedappendageorwing.CompareALATE.
AQUATIC,growinginwaterorwetsoil.SeePALUSTRINE.
AqueousOFBOTANICALTERMS.Armed
A XQUEOfIS,nearlycolorless.See
HYALINE.
ARACH XNOID,coveredwithlong
andlooselyentangledhairs,thehairsfewerandlonger thaninTomentose;cobwebby.
ARA XNE [S,seeARACHNOID.
AR XEGR,seeTREE.
ARBO'REAL,pertainingtotreesorforests.
ARBO XREOfIS,havingthenatureofatree;pertainingtotrees.
AEBORES XQENT,tree-likeinsizeorform.
ARBORE XT [M,abotanicaltreegarden.
AR XB [SQLE,alowshrubhavingtheformOfatree.
ARgES XTHiDAseeGALBunus
AEeHEBiO'sis,theoriginoflife.SeeSPONTANEOUSGENERATION.
AReHEGO'NIi XIM(pl.Areheg6 X
nia),thefemaleorganinthehighercryptogams.CompareOOGONIUM.SeeANTHE
RIDIUM.
ARCHESPO'RIITM,thecell,group.orlayerofcellsfromwhichthespore-mother-cells,andtapetumifany,arederivedinthehighercryptogamsand 7oweringplants.
ARCH XET WYPE,theoriginaltypeorcondition.
ARCH XICARP,thebeginningofa
fructi [cation;acellorgroupofcellsfertilizedbyasexualact,asanascogoniumorcarpogomum.
AR XCfIATE,curvedlikeabow.
A'REA,aratherlargespaceboundedbycracks.lines,veins,orpartdifferingincolorortexture.CompareAREOLA.
ARENA XQEO [S,growinginsandy
15places;arenareous;arenose;sabuline;sabulose.
ARENA XRlOfIS,seeARENA
CEOUS.
AR XENOSE,seeARENACEOUS.
ARE XéLA(pl.Are Xolae),diminutiveofarea,anysmallspacesur~roundedbyapartdilferinginstructureorcolor,asthespacesboundedbytheveinsinreticulateleaves,bythecracksinthesurfaceofthethallusof081"
tainlichens,orbythecellwallsintheleavesofmosses;areolation;areole.ARE XGLATE,dividedintoareolze.
AREGLA XTION,(1)seeAREOLA;
(2)theformandarrangementoftheareolaeinmosses,etc.
A XREGLE,seeAREOLA.
ARGEN'TE [S,whitewithatingeofgray;silvery.
ARGTLLA XQBOfTS,growinginaclayeysoil;argillose.
ARGiLLOSE,seeARGILLACEOUS.ARHi XZAL,withoutroot Ws.
AR XiL,afalsecoatwhichsometimessurroundstheseed,growingfromthefuniculus,hilum,orplacenta,asthemaceofnutmeg.CompareSTROPHIOLE.
ARiL XLA,seeARIL.
AR XiLLATE,havinganaril.
AR XiLLATED,seeARILLATE.
AR XiLLODE,afalsecoveringtoaseedresemblinganaril.
ARIL XL [S,seeARIL.
ARTS'TA,seeAWN.
ARTS XTATE,havinganawn.
ARiS XTfILATE,havingasmallawn.
ARM,inhorticulturealarge
branchofavinetralnedhori zontally.
ARMED,havingthorns,spines,orprickles.
ArmillaADICTIONARYAscus
ARMTL XLA,anannulusintheformofaplaitedfrillsuspendedfromthetopOfthestipebelowthecapincertainmushrooms.
ARO'MA,apleasantcharacteristic
Odor.
AROMAT XIC,possessingaroma,especiallyifspicy.
ARBECT X
,directedupwardfrom aninclinedbase,asthepods Ofmilkweed.(Asclepias.)AR XROW-HEAD XED,seeSAGITTATE.
ARROW-SHAPED,seeSAGITTATE.
AR XTHONOID,resemblingtheapotheciumofthegenusAr~
thoniainlichens. AR XTHROSPORE,usedmainlyinbacteriaforasporeformedbysegmentation,asOpposedto
Endospore.
BTHROSTERIG XMA(pl.Arthro
sterig Xmata),ajointedsterigma inmanylichens,composedOfarowofcellsfromeachofwhichsporesareabstricted.
ARTiC'fJLATE,jointed;articulated.
ARTiC XfILATED,seeARTICU
LATE. ARTiILA XTION,(1)anode,joint,septum,orseparableplace;(2)oneofthesegmentssomarkedofforseparated.
ARTiC' [LfIS,formerlyusedbothfornodeandinternode.
ARTIFi'gIALSYSTEM,asystemofclassi 6cationbasedononeorafewfeaturesonly,andnotintendedtoshowtruerelationship,asthatofLinnaeus.
ARfI VNDiNA XQEOfTS,reed-like.ASQEND XENT,seeASCENDING. ASQEND XiNG,risingobliquely,orcurvingupwardsfromnearthebase,asthestemsOf
16Stellariaorthebranchesof
Norwayspruce;adscendent;ascendent:assurgent;adsurgent.Saidofovuleswhichareattachedtothemiddleportionoftheplacentaorsidesoftheovaryandaredirectedupward.Also,directedupwardinanymannerincontrasttodescending,asthe
ascendingaxis.
Amup'inGAxis,thestem.
AnND'iNGMETAMOR XPHO
SiS,seePROGRESSIVEMETA
MORPHOSIS.
AS XQT,pl.,seeASCUS.
SQID XTA,pl.,seeASCIDIUM.
SQlD XiF [RM,ascidium-shaped.
sgin Xlum(pl.Ascid Xia),ahollowpitcher-shapedleaf,likethatofSarracenia. sgiF XERofIs,seeASCOPHOROUS.
SQTG XERO [S,seeASCOGENOUS.
AS XCOCARP,thesporocarpof
Ascomycetes.SeeAPOTHE
OIUM,PERITHECIUM,and
CLEISTOCARP.
ASCOG XENOTIS,producingasci;ascigerous.
AS XCOGGNE,seeASCOGONIUM.
ASCOGO'Ni [M,thecarpogonium,orfemaleorganinAsco
cetesbeforefertilization. AS XCOPHORE,theascus-bearinglayerofhyphaelininganascocarp. AscOrH'ORofJS,ascus Vbearing;asciferous.CompareASCOGE Nous
AS XCOSPORE,asporeproduced
inanascus.Ofteninappro priatelycalledsporidiumorsporule.
AS'CfIS(plAs Xci),oneofthechar
acteristicspore-casesofAsco mycetesborneinanascocarp.
Itconsistsofanenlargedterminalcellcontainingfree
Ascus-apparatusOFBOTANICALTERMS.Auriculate
spores,mostfrequentlyeightinnumber. As Xciis-APPARA XTfTS,theasci,togetherwiththeascogenouscells.SeeENVELOPE-APPARAtus.
SQ? XPHOfIS,withoutscyphi.
AsEP XTiC,notliabletoputrefaction.
ASEX'I'
IAL,withoutsex'destituteofstamensandpistilsin 7oweringplants,orothersexualorgansincryptogams.
AsnqLGENERATION,thesecondstageorgenerationinplantshavinganalternationofgenerations.Itproducessporesasexually,butisitselftheresultoffertilization.Infernstheprothallusisthesexual,andtheleaf-bearingplanttheasexual,generation.SeeSPOROGONIUM.
AS XPERATE,seeSCABROUS.
AS'PERGIL'LTEORM,resembling
anaspergillus(aroundbrushusedtosprinkleholywaterin
RomanCatholicchurches),asthestigmasofsomegrasses.
CompareMUSCARIFORM.
ASPERIEO'LIATE,havingleavesroughtothetouch.
ASPERiFO XLiOfIS,seeASPERFO
LIATE.
ASPER XMOfIS,withoutseeds.
AS XPERO [S,seeSOABROUS.
ASSIMTLA XTION,theconversionofforeignmaterialintothesubstanceoftheplant;constructivemetabolism.
ASS [R'éENT,seeASCENDING.
AS XTER,seeMOTHER-STAR,DY
ASTER,AMPHIASTER,andCY~
TASTER.
AS XTEROID,having )owersliketheAster.CompareACTINI FORM.
AS XTICHOfIS,notinrows.
17AS XTOMOIIS,withoutaperture,asmosseswhichhavenotade
ciduousoper.culum
ASYMMET XRICAL,notsymmet
rical,whichsee.AT XAVI§M,resemblancetoadistantancestor;remoteheredity. A'TER(incomposition,dtropureblack,asdistinguishedfromNiger.withoutthallus.AT XROPAL,seeORTHOTROPOUS.
AT XROPEI X
,adwarfedorstuntedconditionofanorganascomparedwithothers,orwiththeusualstate.Especiallyappliedtopartswhichseemwastedawayfromlackofnourishmentorothercause.
CompareABORTIONandDE'
GENERATION.
AT XROPOIIS,seeORTHOTROPOUS.
ATRoP [RPu'REus,darkpurple
ATTEN'I WIATE,taperinggladuallytoapointornarrowex
tremity.
ATTEN XI'
IATED,seeATTENUATE.
AUGMENTA XTION,increasebeyondthenormalnumber,espe
ciallytheproductionOfaddi tional 7oralwhorls. AU XLGPHITE,aplantwhichliveswithinanotherforshelteronly.notasaparasite,assome
Protococcaceaa.
AURANTIA XCEOUS,orange-colored.DalkerthanAureus.
AU XREUS,yellow,withaslightadmixtureofred;golden.
AU XRICLE,anyear-likeappendage,asthelobesatthebaseoftheleavesinsorrel.
AU XRICLED,seeAURICULATE.
AURIC'I'
ILA(pl.Auric'tilae),see
AURICLE.
AURIC'IILATE,havingauricles,orear-likelobesorappendages.
AuriculatedADICTIONARYAx-shaped
AURIC XfILATED,seeAURIOU
LATE.
AU'RIF [RM,havingtheformofthehumanear.
AUSTERE X
,astringentorharshtothetaste. AUTOCAR XI XOIJS,saidofovarieswhicharenotadherenttothecalyx;superior.
AUTfE XgIOITS,saidofaparasiticfunguswhichinhabitsthesamehost-plantthroughallitsstagesofgrowth.Compare
HETERCECIOUS.Appliedinmosseswhenthemaleandfemale Y 7owersareinseparateinvolucresuponthesame plantwVAUTOG XAMOUS,self-fertilizing. AUTOG'AMY,close-fertilization;thefertilizationofa )owerbyitsownpollen.CompareAL
LOGAMY.
AUTOGEN XESIS,seeSPONTANE~
OUSGENERATION.
AUTOG'ENOIIS,self-originating.Appliedtodiseaseswhichhavetheiroriginorcausewithinthe e \ectedorganism.Compare
INFECTION,ESOTERIC,andEx
OTERIC.
AuroG'ENusorMONoe'ENuS,termsproposedinplaceofMonotypic,toindicatethatagenuscontainsbutasinglespecies.
AUTGN XOMOIIS,completeinitself.Appliedtoformswhichcontinuallyanddirectlyreproducethemselves,andarenotmerestagesinthelifeofaplant.
AUTOYHYLLOG'ENY,thegrowthofoneleafuponanother.
AU XTOPLAST,seeCHLOROPHYLLBODY.
AUTGTEM XNOIIS,capableofspon
taneousdivision,asordinarygrowingcells.AUX XGSPGRE,alargerenewalcellinDiatomaceae,formedeitherbyrejuvenescence,ordevelopedfromazygosporeproducedbyconjugation.
AuxoTON'ICMOVEMENTS,thosemadebygrowingorgans,asthetwiningofstems.CompareALLASSOTONICMOVE
MENTS.
AVERSE'
,turnedorfacingawayfromthecentralaxisorotherobject.CompareADVERSE.
AWE-SHAPED,seeSUBULATE.
AWN,abristle-shapedappendage,likethoseoutheglumesofmanygrasses;arista;beard.
AWNED,havinganawnorbeard;alistate.AX X-EGEM,seeDOLABRIFORM.AX'IAL,pertainingtoanaxis;extendinginthedirectionof
anaxis;forminganaxis.CompareAXILE.
AXIF'EROIIS,havinganaxisproducingstemsbutnoleaves.AX XIL,theupperanglebetweenleafandstem;anyangle.AX XILE,occupyingorbelongingtotheaxis,asanaxileplacenta.
AXIL XLA(pl.seeAXIL.AX XILLAR,seeAXILLARY.Ax'iLLARY,pertainingtooroc
cupyinganaxil.AX XIS,thecentrallineofanybody;anorganaroundwhichothersareattached,especiallyamainstemorroot.
AXIS,ASCENDING,seeASCEND
INGAXIS.
AXIS,DESCENDING,seeDE
SCENDINGAxrs.
AXISOFINFLORES XQENQE,thepartOfthestemorbranchalongwhich 7owersareborne.SeeRECEPTACLEandRACHIS.
AX X-SHAPED,seeBOLAREI
FORM.
Basipetal
apexofanapple.Compare
CAVITYandEYE.
BASIP XETAL,proceedingorpro
ducedinsuccessiontowardthebase;downward;centrifu gal(whenappliedtotheorderofin \orescenceonly).CompareACROPETAL.
BASISCOP'IC,onthesidetowardthebase;facingthebase.
BASS,seeBAST.
BAST,theliberorinnerbark;particularlythelong,taper ing,thick-walledphloem-cellscharacteristicofsuchbark. BAS XTARD,Spurious;resemblingsomethingelse.UsedimproperlyforHybrid.
BAST-QELLS,thick-walledelongatedspindle-Shapedcellsinthephloemportionof [brovascularbundles.Theygivestrengthand \exibilitytothetissues;hast- [bres.
BAST-FIBRES,seeEAST-CELLS.
BAST-SHEATH,seePHLOEM
SHEATH.
BAST,SOFT,seeSOFTBAST.
BAST-TISSUE,seePHLOEM
BAST-VES XSEL,seeSIEVE-TURE.
BEAK,aprocesslikethebeakofabirdterminatingthefruitofmanyleguminousandotherplants;rostrum. BEAKED,endinginaprolongednarrowrigidtiplikeabeak;rostrate.
BEARD,theawnsofgrasses.singlyorcollectively;atuftofhairs,especiallyifstiffandlong;sometimesappliedimproperlytothelowerlipOflabiatecorollas.
BEARD XED,havingabeard;besetwithhairs,especiallyifstiffandlong.
BEARD XLETED,havingminutebeardsorawns.ADICTIONARY
EigErx XALons,Bicrenate
BELL XSHAPED,seeCAMPANO
LATE. BEL'LYING,swellingoutononeside,asthetubeofthecorolla inmanyLabiateae.
BBR XRIED,seeBACCATED.
BER/RY,anindehiscentfruitpulpyor )eshythroughout,asthegrape,currant,andtomato.
BIACII XMINATE,two-pointed.
BIAN XGIILATE,havingtwoanglesorcorners.
BIARTIC'IILATED,havingtwojoints.
BIAURIC'IJLATE,two-eared.
BIBRAC XTEATE,withtwobracts.
BIBRAC XTEOLATE,havingtwobractlets.
BICAL XCARATE,spurs.
BICAL XLOSE,havingtwosmallhardspotsorprotuberances.
BICAP XSIILAR,havingtwocapsules.Sometimesappliedtocapsuleswhicharedividedbeforedehiscenceintotwoparts.
BICAR XPELLARY,seeDICARPEL
LARY. BICAR XINATE,two-keeled,asthepaletofgrasses.havingtwo havingtwoheads.
BIgIP XITAL,dividedintotwoparts.
BICIP XITOIIS,seeBICIPITAL.
BICOLLAT XERALBUNDLE,a
[brO-vascularbundleinwhichastrandofxylemliesbetweentwostrandsofphloem.
BI XCDLDR,oftwocolors.
BI XCOLORED,seeBICOLOR.
BICON XJI'
IGATE,seeBIGEMI
NATE.
BICOR XNI W
ITE,withtwohorn-likeprocesses.
BICRE'NATE,withtwocrena
BicruralOFBOTANICALTERMS.Binate
turesorroundedteeth.CompareDOUBLY-CRENATE.
BICRU XRAL,havingtwolegsor
narrowelongations,asthelipoftheman-orchis. Z BICIJS XPID,havingtwosharpstiffpointsorcusps;bicuspidate.
BICIIS XPIDATE,seeBICUSPID.
BIDEN XTATE,havingtwoteeth.
CompareDOUBLY-DENTATE.
BIDIG XITATE,havingtwo [ngerlikedivisions.
BID XDOITS,lastingtwodaysonly.
BIEN XNIAL(adj.livingtwoyear,sorrequiringtwoseasonstocometomaturity. BIEN XNIAL,aplantwhichusuallymaturesitsfruitthesecondyearandthendies. BIFA XCIAL,appliedtoleaveswhichhaveadistinctupperandlowersurfacedifferingintexture.CompareCENTRIC. BIFA XRIOIIS,pointingintwodirections;two-ranked;distichous.
BI XFER,aplantwhichripensfruittwiceayear.
BIF XEROIVJS,fruitingtwiceayear.
BI XFID,dividedabouttothemid
dleintwoparts;two-cleft.
BIF XIDATE,seeBIFID.
BIFIS XTfILAR,containingtwotubularOpenings.
BIFLO XRATE,seeBIFLOROUS.
BIFLG XROIIS,two- \owered.
BIFO'LIATE,havingtwoleavesorlea 7ets.
BI
IFO XLIGLATE,havingtwoleafets.
BIFOLLIC XI W
ILAR,withadoublefollicle.
BIFO XRATE,havingtwoperforations,astheanthersofRhododendron.
BIF XGRINE,apeculiarcellcon
21tainingraphidesfoundinarumsandcertainotherplants
Vsocalledbecausewhenplacedinwatertheybecometurgidanddischargetheircontents,oftenfrombothends.
BIF XGROIJS,seeBIFORATE.
BI XFRDNS,havingtwofacesoraspects;growingonbothsurfacesofaleaf(amphigenous).
BiE [R'CATE,forked;dividedintotwobranches.
BIECR'CATED,seeBIFURCATE.
BiruRCA'TION,divisionintotwobranches.
BIFDR XCOIIS,seeBIFURCATE.
BIGEM XINATE,twicepaired,asadecompoundleafwithtwopairsoflea )ets,i.e.,havingaforkedpetiolewithapairoflea 7etsattheendofeachdivision;biconjugate.
BI XGENER,seeGENUs-HYBRID.
BIGLAND'I'ILAR,havingtwoglandsorgland-likebodies.
BIJII XGATE,havingtwopairs,asaleafwithtwopairsoflea )ets.
BIJD XGOIIS,seeBIJUGATE.
BILA XBIATE,seeLABIATE.
BILAM XELLAR,seeBILAMEL
LATE.
BILAM XELLATE,oftwoplates
orlamellm.
BILAM XELLATED,seeBILAMEL
LATE.
BILAT'ERAL,two-Sided.
BILG XBATE,two-lobed.
BILG XBATED,seeBILOBATE.
BI XLGBED,seeBILOBATE.
BILDC XIILAR,two-celled Vappliedtoovaries,anthers,etc.
BIMAC XIILATE,havingtwospots.
BIMAC XIILATED,seeBIMACU
LATE.
BI XNABY,intwos;double.
BI XNATE,intwosorpairs'conjugate Vsaidoftwobodiesof
ADICTIONARY
thesamenaturespringingfromthesamepoint.Inspeakingofpinnateleavesthetermconjugateisgenerallyused. BINE,atwiningorclimbingstem.Rareexceptincomposition,aswood-bine. BINERV XATE,havingtwonervesorveins,ortwowhicharees peciallyprominent.
BINO XDAL,containingtwonodesonly.
BIND XMIAL,oftwonames,asthegenericandspeci 6cnameswhichcomposeabotanicalname. Z
BI'NOIJS,seeBINATE.
BIND XCLEAB,seeBINUCLEATE.
BIND XCLEATE,havetwonucleiorcentralpoints;binuclear.
BIND XCLEOLATE,withtwonu
cleoli.
BIOQ XELLATE,withtwoeye-like
_S_pt0ts'
vBIOGEN'ESIS,(1)theoriginoflife;(2)theproductionoflivingbeingsfromotherlivingbeingsinanymanner Vtheconverseofspontaneousgencration(abiogenesis).
BIDG XENODS,growingonlivingplants,eitherparasiticornot.
BIGG'ENI,thegenesisorevolutionoflivingforms,orthesciencewhichtreatsofit,includingOntogenyandPhyllogeny
BIGL XGGY,zoologyandbotany.
BIGLYT XIC,injuriousordestructivetolife.
BI'GN,anindividualmorphologi
_callyindependent. BIGPH XAGOIIS,feedingonlivingorganisms.Appliedchie 7ytoinsectivorousplants.
BI XOPLASM,anyliving \uid';thesameasprotoplasm.
22Bipinnatisect
BIPAL XEOLATE,withtwolodicules;bilodiculate.
BIPAL XMATE,saidofleaveswhicharepalmateuponsec
ondarypalmatepetioles.
BIP XAROIIS,bearingtwoobjects,
asaleafwithtwolea 7ets.
BIPAR XTED,seeBIPARTITE.
BIPAR XTIBLE,divisibleintotwoparts.
BIPAR XTILE,seeBIPARTIBLE.
BIPAR'TITE,two-parted;dividedintotwopartstothebaseornearlyso.
BIPARTI XTION,theactofdi
vidingintotwoequalparts.
CompareBISECTION.
BIPEC XTINATE,toothedlikea
_combontwosides.
BIPEL XTATE,havingtwoshieldshapedparts.
BIPEREN XNIAL,saidofapartwhichlivestwoyears,butreproducesitselfinde 6nitely,asthetubersofthepotato. (Rare)
BIPET XALOIIS,havingtwopetals.
BIPIN XNATE,saidofapinnateleafwithsecondarypetioles,eachbearingmorethanonelea 7et,asthehoney-locust;doublypinnate;twicepin
nate.
BIPIN XNATED,seeBIPINNATE.
BIPINNAT XIFID,havingthedivisionsofapinnati [dleaf pinnati [d;twicepinnatelycleft. BIPINNATIPAB XTITE,havingthedivisionsofapinnatipartiteleafpinnatipartite;twicepin natelyparted.Itdiffersfrom Bipinnati [dinhavingthedivisionsextendtonearthemidrib. BIPINNAT XISECT,havingthedivisionsofapinnatisectleaf
BiplicateOFBOTANICALTERMS.Blastocolla
pinnatisect;twicepinnate]ydi vided.Thedivisionsextendtothemidrib,butthesegmentsaresessile.
BIPLI XCATE,twiceordoublyfolded.
BIPG XRGSE,havingtwosmall
Openingsorpores.
BIPIINC'TATE,havingtwosmallspots.
BIBA XDIATE,havingtworays.
BIBI XMGSE,Openingbytwoslits,asmostanthers;havingtwoclefts,slits,ornarrowOpenings.
BISAC XCATE,havingtwosacsorpouches.
BISCIJ XTATE,resemblingtworoundbucklersplacedSidebyside.
BISECT'
,todivideintotwoequalparts. BISEC'TION,theactofcuttingordividingintotwoequalparts;bipartition.
BISEP XTATE,havingtwopartitionsorsepta.
BISE XRIAL,intworowsorseries.
BISER XRATE,havingtheteethorserraturesserrate;doublyserrate.Thelattertermispref erable,andBz'
serrate,thoughinmorecommonuseinthissense,shouldbeappliedinanalogywithBidentatetoleavesormarginsbearingtwoserratures.
BISE'TOSE,havingtwobristles;bisetous.
BISE'TOIIS,seeBISETOSE.
BISEX'IIAL,containingbothsexes,asa 7owerwithbothstamensandpistils;hermaphrodite;monoclinous;synoecious.
BISPI XNOSE,havingtwospines.
BI XSPORE,atwo-sporedtetraspore.
23BISTIP XIILED,havingtwostipules.
BISIIL XCATE,havingtwolongitudinalgroovesorfurrows. BITER XNATE,dividedintothreeparts,eachofwhichisdividedintothree.
BIT XTEN,seeEROSE.
BI'VALVEhavingtwovalves,assomecapsules;bivalvular.
BI XVALVEacapsuleoftwovalves.
BIvALv't'
ILAR,seeBIVALVE.
BilS'cflLAR,havingtwovesses.
BIVIT'TATE,havingtwovittae.
BLAD'DER,(1)anin 7atedmembramonspericarp;(2)amem~
branousair-sacinsomewaterplantswhichenablesthemto 7oat.SeeAIR-BLADDER. BLAD XDERY,thinandin )atedlikeabladder,asthecalyxof
Selenein \ata.
BLADE,theexpandedportionofaleaf;lamina.Theterm
bladeismorecommonlyappliedingrassesandlaminainotherplants. BLANCHED,whitenedbyabsenceoflight;etiolated.Compare
CHLOROSISandALBINISM.
BLAND,fair:beautiful.
BLASTE XMA,theembryoasidefromthecotyledons;alsousedforanypointofgrowthorbuddingpart.(Rare)
BLASTE XMAL,rudimentary;nascent.(Rare)
BLASTOCAR XPOES,appliedtoafruitwhentheseedgerminateswithinthepericarp,assometimesoccursinthemangrove.
(Rare) BLASTGCDL'LA,thegummysubstanceonmanybuds,asonthehorse-chestnut.
BlastogenesisADICTIONARYBotany
BLASTOGEN'ESIS,reproductionbybuds;gemmation.(Obs)
BLAS XTIIS(obs),seeBUDand
PLUMULE.
BLIND,appliedtoamalformation,chie 7yincertainculti vatedplants,ascabbageand
cauli 7ower,inwhichthestemterminateswithoutproducingaheadorin 7orescence.Ablindbudisonewhichfailstodevelop.Togoblindistofailtoproduce \ower-budswhereexpected.
BLIS XTERED,seeBULLATE.
BLOOM,acoatingonthesurfaceoffruits,leavesetc.,Oftengrayishorbluishincolor,consistingofminute,waxyparti
clesintheformof 6laments,granules,orlayers.SeeGLAU COUS.
BLOSSOM-BUD,seeFLOWER
BUD. BLOTCHED,havingdistinctirregularspotsofcolor.CompareCLOUDED.
BLIINT,obtuse.
BOAT-SHAPED,seeNAVICULAR.
BOB,apopularnameforthein
\orescence(thyrse)ofsumach.
BOLE,thebodyofatree.
BOLL,aglobularpericarp,asthatofcotton.
BOLT(Hort),torunpremature
lytoseed,ascarrotswhentheyseedthe 6rstyear. BON XT,hard,brittle,andcloseintexture,asthestoneofthepeach. BOOT,apopularnameforthesheathofgrainsandothergrasses. BOB/DER,theexpandedportionofagamopetalouscorollaconsistingoftheunitedlimbs.SeealsoBORDEREDPIT.
BOR XDERED,havingthemargin
24differentfromtheremainder
inform,color,ortexture. BOR XDEREDPIT,athinspotoropeninginacell-wallcovered
oneachsidebyathickenedconvexbodyhavingacentralperforation;areolateddot;discoidmarking.BorderedporeofGregory.Thesemarkingsarecharacteristicofthewood-cellsofConiferae.The
borderisthemoreorlessdi~latedcentralportionofthepitorpassagebetweenthecells.
BOR XDEBEDPORE,seeBORDER
EDPIT.
BOSS,aroundedprotuberance.
BOSSED,havingaboss.Compare
UMBONATE.
BOS XTRYCHOID,gYMEseeHam
COIDCYME.
BOS XTRYCHO V
InDICHOT'OMY,see
HELICHOIDDICHOTOMY.
BOS XTBIIX,seeHELICOIDCYME.
BOTAN XICALCEOG'RAPHY,see
GEOGRAPHICALBOTANY.
BOTAN XICALNAME,thegenericnamefollowedbythespeci [cname.
BOTAN XICALNOMENCLATURE,
anaccountofthenamesofplants,andofthelawsfortheirapplication. BOTANICALTERMINOL'OCYanaccountofthespecialwordsusedindescribingplants. BOTAN XICGAR XDEN,acollectionofgrowingplantssystematicallyarrangedforthepurposeofstudy. BOT XANIZE,toseekforgrowingplantsforthepurposeofbo tanicalinvestigation. BOT XANY,thescienceofplants;phytology.SeeSTRUCTURAL,
PHYSIOLOGICAL,andSYSTEM
ATICBOTANY,BOTANICALNO
Bothrenchyma
MENCLATURE,andBOTANICAL
TERMINOLOGY.
BOTHREN'CHYMA(obs.
PITTEDTISSUE.
BOT'RIIS,anOldtermforaclusterlikethatofthegrape.
BOT XRYOID,havingtheformofabunchofgrapes;botryoidal;botryose.
BOT XRIIOSE,seeBOTRYOID.
BOTRYOI XDAL,seeBOTRYOID.
BOTTLE-SHAPED,seeLACENI
FORM.
BOTII XLI-FORM,seeALLANTOID.
BRACI VI XIATE,appliedtobrancheswhicharedecussateandspreading,asintheash,andsometimesimproperlytothosewhicharelongandwidelyspreading,butnotdecussate.
BRACRYP'ODOUS,short-stalked.
BRACT,aleafofanin 7orescence,generallysubtendinga 7oweror \ower-branch.Bractsareintermediateinpositionbetweenfoliageleavesand 7oralleaves,andareusuallymuchsmallerthantheordinaryleaves,andinotherrespectsmoreorlessmodi 6ed.
BRAC XTEA(pl.Bric Xtéa [),
BRACT._
BRAC XTEAL,ofthenatureofabract.
BRAC XTEATE,furnishedwithbracts;subtendedbyabractorbracts;bracted.
BRACTE XOLA(pl.Bracteolee),see
BRACTLET.
BRAC XTEOLATE,furnishedwithbractlets.
BRAC XTEOLE,seeBRACTLET.
BRAC XTEOSE,havingmanyorconspicuousbracts.
BRACT XLET,asmallbract,orbractuponapedicelorsecondarybranchofanin 7orescence.
BRACT'LESS,withoutbracts.see
seeOFBOTANICALTERMS.Brownian
BRAIRD,togerminateScotch.)
BRANCHadiv1s10nofastem
Orotherelongatedorgan;sec
ondaryaxis.
BRANCH(v.toproducebranches;toramify.
BRANCH XLET,alittlebranchorsubdivisionofabranch;twig. BREAK(v.i.)(l)todepartwidelyfromthetypeandsuddenlyproduceanewvariety(nearlythesameassport); (2)to Ybolt Zorrunprema turelytoseed,asabiennialthe 6rstyear;(3)toputforthnewbudsorleaves. BREAST-WOOD(Hort),brancheswhichprojectoutwardfromawallorespalier.
BREATHING-BORE,seeSTOMA.
BREED,seeRACE.
BRI XDLES,stringsOfprotoplasmwhichoftenconnectthenu olenswiththelayerofprotoplasmnextthecellwall.
BRIS XTLE,astiff,shorthairorhair-likebody.
BRIS XTLE-POINT XED,endinginabristle;terminatinggradually ina 6nesharppoint,astheleavesofmanymosses.
BRIS XTLI X
,besetwithbristles.
BROOD X-BUD,adeciduousleafbudcapableofgrowingintoanewplant,suchasthebulbilsofthetiger-lilyandthedeciduousbudsofcertainlycopodiums;alsoappliedtothesore
diumoflichens.
BROOD X-CELL,anyreproductiveunicellularbodyproducedasexuallywhichseparatesfromtheparentplant,asthegonidiaoffungi.
BROOD X-GEM XMA,seeGEMMA.
BROWN XIANMOVEMENT,atremblingmovementcommontoallminuteparticlessus
Brunneus
pendedinaliquid.CalledalsoBrunonianmovement,
Pedesis,Non-Vitalmotion,and
(improperly)Molecularmovement.Thecauseisnotknown.
BRCN XNEIIS,deepbrown,amixtureofdarkgrayandred.
BRIJSH XSHAPED,seeAsrnncm
LIFORM.
BRYOL XOGY,thedivisionofbotanyrelatingtomosses;muscology.
Bucx'LER-SHAPED,seeTATE.
BCD,anundevelopedstemorbranch,oritsextremity,bearingrudimentaryleaveswhicharespeciallymodi 6edforitsprotection.SeeLEAF-BUD,FLOWER-BUD,andGEMMA.
BCD XDING,puttingforthbudsorgemmae.AlsoappliedtoPul lulation,whichsee.
BIID XLET,alittlebudattachedtoalargerone.
BIID-RIJ XDIMENT,theSpecialcellswhichoriginatetheleafbearingaxisinthepro-embryoofCharaceae.
BITE VSCALE,oneofthemodi 6edleavesofabud;perule.
BEN-SPORT,secBUD-VARIATION.
BUD-VARIATION,thedevelopmentofabudinamannerunusualtothespeciesorvariety,anddifferentfromtheotherbudsupontheplant.Itmaybetheproductionofanewvarietyorareversiontoanearlierform.Bud-variations,or Ybud-sports Zastheyareoftencalled,mayusuallybepropagatedbydivision,buttheircharactersareseldomre
tainedwhengrownfromSeed. CompareSEED-VARIATION.SOUADICTIONARYBulliformCells BCGLE-SHAPED,havingtheshapeofabuglebead; VaformvaryingfromOblongto Obovoid.Usedindescribingthefruitofcertaincranberries.
BIILB,abudwiththickenedscalescontainingnutrimentforitsdevelopment,thusdifferingfromordinarybuds,thescalesofwhichareforpro
tectiononly.Bulbsareusuallysubterranean.
BCLBA XQEOIIS,havingbulbs;bulbous.
BULBED,intheformofabulb;bulbaceous.
BI'IL XBEL,seeBULBLET.
BULBIF'EROUS,bulb-bearingbulbous.
BIIL XBIL,seeBULBLET.
BIILB'LET,alittleorsecondarybulb,especiallyoneaboveground,asinsomeliliesandferns;bulbel;bulbil;bulbule.SeeCLOVE.
BCL XBOSE,bulb-likeinshapeorstructure.
BUL'BO-TUBER,seeCORM.
BUL'BOUS,producingbulbs,growingfrombulbs,orbul
hose. DIJLE-SCALE,oneofthethickenedscale-likeleavesofabulb.
BULB,Tu'NicATEn,seeTum.
CATEDBULB.
BUL'BULE,seeBULBLET.
BIIL XBIJS,theswollenbaseofthestipeinmushrooms.
BCL XLATE,havingthesurfaceblisteredorpuckered,astheleavesoftheSavoycabbage,thespacesbetweentheveinsofwhichareconcaveononesideandconvexontheother.
BUD-vARI'ETY,avarietywhichBUL'LIFORMcELLs,seeBYGROoriginatedbybudvvariation.
26SCOPICCELLS.
Callus
CAL XLUS(pl.CallusesorCalli),
(1)ahardorthickenedspotorprotuberance;callosity:(2)thenewformationuponanlnjuredsurface,asseenatthe endofacutting:(3)athickeneddepositofformative materialintheporesofthesieve-platesincertaintreesinautumn:(4)atermappliedto anextensionofthe 7oweringglumeingrasses'belowitspointofinsertionandwhich isgrowntothearmsorrachillaofthespikeletandseparatedfromthefreeportionbyamoreorlessdistinctfurrow. Itisfrequentlycoveredwithhairsorbristles(asinStipa" whichserveforattachmenttootherobjectstosecurethedistributionof-theseed.The
Callusissometimespresentintheemptyglumesalso.
(Scribner) CAL XVOUS,bald;havingasurfaceOuwhichhairsareusuallypresentdestituteOfthem,asin anacheniumwithoutapappus.
CALYCAN'THEMOUS,havingpetaloidsepals.
CALICAN XTHEMII,apartialorentireconversionofsepalsintopetals.
CALYCIFLO'RAL,havingthecalyxfreefromtheovary,andthestamens(andthereforethepetalsalso)insertedonthecalyx.CompareTHALAMIFLORALandCOROLLIFLORAL.
CALYC XIFORM,havingtheformorpositionofacalyx.
CALYC'INAL,seeCALYCINE.
CAL XYCINE,pertainingtoorsituatedonacalyx;calycinal. cAL'YCLE,awhorlofbractsformingasecondaryorac cessorycalyxoutsidethetrue calyx.ADICTIONARY
28Camara
CAL XIICLED,havingacalycle.
CAL'YCOID,resemblingacalyx.
CA
ILI XC XULATE,havingacalycuus.
CALYC'ULATED,
LATE. CALIC XULUS,asetofinvolucralbractsresemblingacalyx,as inDianthus.
CALIP XTRA,themembranoushoodorveilcoveringthecapsuleinmosses.Itconsistsoftherupturedarchegoniumcarriedupbythegrowingsporophore.Thetermisalsoappliedtotheroot-cap,which
see.seeCALYCU
CALYP'TRATE,havingacalyptraorsimilarcovering.
cALYr'TRiFORM,shapedlikeacalyptraorcandle-extinguisher,asthecalyxofEschscholt Zia. CALYP XTROCEN,aspeciallayerofcellsincertainplantsfrom whichtheroot-capisdeveloped.(Jancewski.) CA XLIX,theoutersetof 7oralleavesbetweenthebracts,ifany,andthecorolla.When thereisbutonesetexternaltothestamens,itisusuallycalledcalyxorperianth.
CA XLYXTUBE,atubeofunitedsepalsadherenttotheovaryorenclosingtheotherpartsofthe 7ower.Astheelevatedmarginofthereceptaclesometimesformsaportionofthistubethetermreceptaculartubeisalsoappliedtoit.
CAM XARA(pl.CAm XAra V
e),anin de 6nitetermformerlyappliedtovariousfruitshavingmoreorlessmembranouscarpels.astheRanunculusandapple.
Alsoappliedtoasinglecarpelofsuchafruit.
CambialOFBOTANICALTERMS.Capitulat
CAM XBiAL,pertainingtocambium.
CAM XBiF [RM,saidofnarrowprismaticthin-walledcells,likethosecharacteristicof cambium.
CEM XBifIM,alayerofmeristembelongingtothe [brovascularsystem,betweenthexylemandphloem.Inexogensitispermanent,andformsthecon
tinuousringorlayerofsoftgrowingtissuebetweenthewoodandinnerbark,fromwhichthenewgrowthofeachisderived.Itwasformerly
consideredmerelyaviscidsecretion,oftencalleddescendingsap, Zbutitisnowknowntobecomposedwhollyofyoung,easilybrokencells 6lledwithprotoplasmorfor
mativematter.
CAM'BiiJMLAY'ER,seeCAMBIUM.
CAM'Bi [MRTNG,seeCAMBIUM.
CAMPAN XiF [RM,seeCAMPANU
LATE.
CAMPANiL'iFORM,seeCAMPAN
ULATE.
CAMPAN'TJLATE,bell-shaped,asthecorollaoftheharebell.
CAMPES'TRAL,growingmainly
inuncultivated 6elds.
CAMP [Lir'RoPoils(obs),see
CAMPYLOTROPOUS.
CAMPirLOSP [R'Mofls,havingtheedgesoftheseedrolledinwardtoformalongitudinalgrooveorfurrow,asinsweetcicelyandsomeotherUmbel
liferae.
CAMPiméT XRGPAL,seeCAMPY
Lornorous.
cAmrirLor'RoPoiis,appliedtoovulesorseedswhichare acurveduponthemselvessothatthemicropyleisnearthe
29chalaza,asinCruciferae;cam
pylotropal. chnAtELLs,anaxialrowofcellsintheneckofthearchegoniumtheconnectingseptaofwhichdisappear,forminga canal 6lledwithmucilagefor thepassageoftheanthero zoids. cANALic'fJLArE,channelled.
CANALic'fJLtls(pl.canalic'
tin),achannel.
CEN XQELLRTE,havingopen
network;lattice-like.
CAN XDiCENT,seeALBESCENT.
CAN XDiD [S,Latinforpurewhite.
CANE,thestemofreedsandotherlargegrasses.Applied
inhorticulturetothestemsofraspberriesandblackberries,andone Vyear-oldstemsofgrape-vines. CANES XQENT,hoary(grayorwhitish)fromacoatingof 6nehairs;canns;incanus;incanous;incanescent.
CA XN [S,seeCANESCENT.
CAP,seePILEUS.
CAPILLA XQEO [S,seeCAPILLARY.
CAPiLcLAMENT(rare),seeFIL
AMENT.longandnarrowlikeahair;saidofa 6lamentorchannel.
CAPiL XLiFGRM,seeCAPILLARY.
cAriLLir'iirM,sterile [laments,oftenintheformofnetwork,amongthesporesofpuff-ballsandsomeotherfun g1. cilp'irArE,furnishedwithaglobosehead;growinginahead.
CAPiTEL'La'rE,diminutiveofcapitate;capitular.
CAPiT XfILAR,seeCAPITELLATE.
CapituliformADICTIONARYCarpadelium
CAPIT XI'
ILIFOBM,intheformofasmallhead.
CAPIT'fIL [M(pl.capit'ale),adense \ower-cluster,asinthe cloverorsun 7ower;aheadofanykind. cLP'REoLArE,havingtendrils; cirrhose.
CAPRE'éL [S(pl.capreoli),see
TENDRIL.
chrairica'rron,(1)thefertili
zationofthe 6g,byhandorbymeansofinsects.Sometimesextendedtothearti 6cialfertilizationofotherfruits.(2)
Theprocessofacceleratingtheripeningof 6gsbyplacingonthecultivatedplantbranchesofthewild 6g(capri [cus).Ahymenopterousinsectfoundonthewildplantentersthefruittolayitseggs,causingittoripenearlier.Thesameresultisobtainedbythepracticeofprickingthegreen 6gswithaneedledippedinolive-oil;alsobytheapplicationofadropoftheoiltotheeyeofthe 6g.
Thereseemstobesomedoubtastowhethertheresultfrom
capri [cationbymeansofthewild 6gisduetofertilization,orthepuncturesoftheinsect,ortoboth.
CAPSGMA XNIA,anunnaturalde
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