In liquid water, all water molecules have at least one hydrogen bond to neighboring water liquid with just van der Waals dispersion interactions
Attraction between particles of the same substance ( why water is attracted to itself) • Results in Surface tension (a measure of the strength of water's
tween water media interacting across a thin lipid film Van der Waals forces in lipid-water systems are qualitatively different from those which exist for
(which water does have) there will also be dipole-dipole interactions (i) The only intermolecular forces in propane are van der Waals dispersion forces
Only the dispersion interaction contributes if both molecules are nonpolar van der Waals molecules often exhibit nonrigid structures: can alter their nuclear Attraction between particles of the same substance ( why water is attracted to itself)
tween water media interacting across a thin lipid film Van der Waals forces in lipid-water systems are qualitatively different from those which exist for condensed
forces based on the strength of the attraction between molecules Van der Waals Forces • The sum of all of Sugar will dissolve in water because both are
Collection of water molecules have wetting properties; properties of ice, water and steam are very different In about different types of van der Waals forces
(which water does have) there will also be dipole-dipole interactions b) (i) The only intermolecular forces in propane are van der Waals dispersion forces
(c) Estimates of the dispersion force in lipid-water systems are obtained and The van der Waals force is founded on the recognition that spontaneous, transient
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THERMODYNAMICS
It is the only physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that, within the framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, it will never be overthrown.
Albert Einstein
Chemical
energy stored by molecules can be released as heat during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and under certain conditions, these may be transformed from one form into another. The study of these energy transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. Macroscopic properties like pressure and temperature do not change with time for a system in equilibrium state. In this unit, we would like to answer some of the important questions through thermodynamics, like: how do we determine the energy changes involved in a chemical reaction/process? Will it occur or not?
What drives a chemical reaction/process?
To what extent do the chemical reactions proceed? UNI
After studying this
Unit, you will be able to V W D W H
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