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Space AdministrationThe International Space Station

Operating an Outpost

in the New Frontier

Executive EditorRobert Dempsey

Space Administration

The International Space Station

Operating an Outpost in the New Frontier

Executive Editor

Robert Dempsey

To the women and men

of mission control who keep ever vigilant.

And to their families

for supporting, and putting up with, their dreams.

Foreword

Over a span of 20 years, the vision of an international orbiting outpost

—one with continuous human presence, measuring

Brian Kelly

Director, Flight Operations

P atrick Forrester

Chief Astronaut, Flight Operations

Norman Knight

Chief Flight Director, Flight Operations

Preface

Robert C.

Dempsey

Flight Director, Flight Operations

Ad Astra Per Aspera

Table of Contents

Dedication ........................................................................ iii Foreword ........................................................................ iv Preface ........................................................................ .v Introduction ........................................................................ ix

Chapter 1 Systems:

International Space Station Planning—A Roadmap to Getting It All Done ....................1

Chapter 2 Day in the Life:

Living and Working in Space and on the Ground ....................................19

Chapter 3 Systems:

Structure and Mechanisms—The International Space Station"s Skeleton ..................35

Chapter 4 Day in the Life:

The Making of a Mission .....................................................61

Chapter 5 Systems:

Command and Data Handling—The Brains of the International Space Stati on ...............91

Chapter 6 Day in the Life:

“Brain Transplants" on the International Space Station ...............................109

Chapter 7 Systems:

Motion Control System—Navigator of the Heavens .................................119

Chapter 8 Day in the Life:

Debris Avoidance—Navigating the Occasionally Unfriendly Skies of Low-Earth Or bit .........139

Chapter 9 Systems:

Electrical Power System—The Power Behind it All ..................................155

Chapter 10

Day in the Life:

Preparing for the Unexpected .................................................173

Chapter 11

Systems:

Thermal Control—the “Circulatory System" of the International Space Station ..............191

Chapter 12

Day in the Life:

Empty House—Decrewing the International Space Station ............................209

Chapter 13 Systems:

Communications and Tracking—The Vital Link to the International Space Station ...........221

Chapter 14

Day in the Life:

Vital Visiting Vehicles—Keeping the Remote Outpost Crewed and Operating ...............233

Chapter 15

Systems:

Robotics—the Construction Equipment for the International Space Stati on ................249

Chapter 16

Day in the Life:

In-Flight Maintenance ......................................................267

Chapter 17

Systems:

Extravehicular Activities—Building a Space Station .................................279

Chapter 18

Day in the Life:

Risky and Rewarding Spacewalks—Space Shuttle Mission STS-120/ISS-10A ..............305

Chapter 19

Systems:

Environmental Control and Life Support System—

Supporting the Human Element of the International Space Station ......................333

Chapter 20

Day in the Life:

When Major Anomalies Occur ................................................353

Appendix

Acronyms and Nomenclature..................................................380 References ..............................................................384 Acknowledgments .........................................................386 About the Authors .........................................................387 Index ..................................................................390

Introduction

Mission Control

The International Space Station

(ISS)—two-time nominee for the

Nobel Peace Prize, and winner of

the 2009 Collier Trophy—is a space outpost that is unfamiliar to many people. the are the visible front of the space The completed International Space Station with the Space Shuttle Endeavo ur on one end and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle on the other, as seen from the Russian Soyuz vehicle on May 23, 2011. women sitting in front of computer between when the crew is asleep

One way to tell things are not going

Apollo 13

members as part of their training— to training the crew, while overseeing the implementation of the plan, failure scenarios that, even if not This emblem was originally developed during the Apollo program to recognize the mission control team"s unique contribution to manned space ight since the

Mercury program.

The sigma (

) represents the total mission team, including ight controllers, instructors, ight design, mission planning and production specialists, facility development and support teams. The launch vector and plume represent the dynamic elements of space, the initial escape from our environment, and the thrust to explore the universe. The orbiting star symbolizes a permanent human presence in space, conducting research, developing materials and leading the expanding utilization of the space environment. A single star is positioned over Houston, the home of the United States human spaceight operations. At the top of the emblem, the Moon and Mars represent NASA"s mission to lead the nation"s permanent journey out of low Earth orbit. The Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle and ISS programs are represented in the legacy ring on the bottom border, commemorating programs for which we have operated in space. On the upper border is the wording “Res Gesta Per Excellentiam" — “Achieve through Excellence" — which is the standard for our work. It represents an individual"s commitment to a belief, to craftsmanship, and to perseverance, qualiti es required to continue the exploration of space and the quest for the stars. The white stars in the background represent the four original principles of the Mission Operations team: discipline, morale, toughness, and competence. The comet represents those individuals who have given their lives for space exploratio n, while the seventeen blue stars represent our fallen astronauts, to whom the ight controllers dedicate their commitment to excellence. These symbols serve as a reminder of the real human cost and risks inherent to space ight and the ultimate responsibility the Mission Operations team bears in facing those risks. Figure 1. The current Flight Operations Directorate emblem with an explanation as to its meaning. from training, to planning a mission, technical aspects of the systems

Figure 2. As with the FCT, which has proven to be exible and adaptable over time, the operations patch has also evolved over the years. Artist Robert T.

McCall designed the initial patch in 1973. The Saturn V rocket was moved to the background and a shuttle launch was added to t

he center of the patch when

that program began. In 2004, Mike Okuda updated the emblem to include the ISS Program, and the number of stars was increased to 17 to represent the

US astronauts whose lives were lost. Program symbols were made more generic to reect the ever-growing family of crewed missions. When the Astronaut

Ofce merged with the Flight Operations Directorate in 2014, elements of the astronaut logo (i.e., the three contrails with a circle) were incorporated.

Top row, left to right: 1973, 1983, 1988. Second row, left to right: 2004, 2012, 2014. operations has its own patch, which "From this day forward, Flight

Control will be known by two words:

‘Tough' and ‘Competent.'

means we are forever accountable for what we do or what we fail to do.

We will never again compromise our

responsibilities. Every time we walk into Mission Control we will know what we stand for, " means we will never take anything for granted. We will never be found short in our knowledge and in our skills. Mission

Control will be perfect."

*HQH.UDQ]

2XWRIWKLVJUHZZKDWLVFDOOHGWKH

)RXQGDWLRQVRI0LVVLRQ&RQWURO whenever everyone gave their

Foundations of Flight Operations

1. To instill within ourselves these

qualities essential to professional excellence

Discipline...

Being able to follow

must master ourselves before we can

Competence...

Condence...

Believing in ourselves

Responsibility...

Toughness...

even if it means following a more

Teamwork...

abilities of others, realizing

Vigilance...

Being always attentive to

success as a substitute for rigor in

2. To always be aware that,

suddenly and unexpectedly, we may nd ourselves in a role where our performance has ultimate consequences.

3. To recognize that the greatest error

is not to have tried and failed, but that, in the trying, we do not give it our best effort.

The Foundations of Mission Control

is international in scope, this to the experts among its partner organizations to tell their own purpose of the space station is to with the stage crew ensuring a theatre means ensuring the systems are the impact (usually in the form of available crew time) when systems experts in research operations, the example, if an experiment requires a microgravity environment as free from perturbations as possible, the public hears about, which is the case for other national laboratories or

Table 1. All Control Centers that Operate the ISS, or Visiting Vehicles that Support the Space Station

LocationCall signFunction

Houston, TexasMission Control Center - United States On-orbit Segment Houston (MCC-H) or (USOS) or control of the Boeing Houston; also MCC-CSTCompany"s CST-100 (Starliner) crewed vehicle Korolev, RussiaMission Control Center - Russian Segment

Moscow (MCC-M)

or Moscow 1 Tsukuba, JapanTsukubaJapanese Experiment Module elements and H-II Transfer Vehicle

Oberpfaffenhofen, Munich

2,3 or Columbus European laboratory module

GermanyControl Center

Toulouse, FranceAutomated Transfer European Automated Transfer Vehicle Control Center Vehicle cargo vehicle operations [retired from service]

St. Hubert, MontrealRemote Multipurpose Support

CanadaRoom for USOS Robotics

Dulles, VirginiaMission Control Center - Orbital ATK “Cygnus" cargo vehicle

Dulles (MCC-D)

Hawthorne, Mission Control Center - Space Exploration Technologies CaliforniaSpaceX (MCC-X)Corporation (SpaceX) “Dragon" crew and cargo vehicles HuntsvilleHuntsvillePayloads Operations and Integration Center 1 Even though the control center is located in Korolev, which was kept secret in the days of the

Soviet Union, it is called Moscow.

2 Although the control center is located in this small suburb of Munich, the control center is always referred to as Munich. 3 The European Space Agency has various payload support centers around Europe that interface with Munich.

The Road to the International

Space Station

A Brief History of the ISS

especially among the German team, von Braun, began pushing for a space basically a restructuring of the

What was the Space Shuttle?

The term Space Transportation System referred to the entire program, which included the Space Shuttle, the mobile transportation launch pad, and even the assembly buildings. The Space Shuttle consisted of the external tank, which contained the liquid propellant, solid rocket boosters, and winged orbiter that launched like a rocket but landed like an airplane. The orbiter contained the crew in a pressurized area and an unpressurized payload bay. The eet was composed of ve orbiters, two of which (Challenger and Columbia) were destroyed during launch and reentry, respectively, resulting in the loss of 14 astronauts. Although not strictly correct, the terms shuttle and orbiter are used interchangeably. of engineering necessity as political reality, but it has proven to be a robust essentially splicing together two infrastructure such as power was

Because of this history, the ISS is

political feat in itself since neither the vehicles nor the programs were reach this number upon completion of program manager oversee every maximizing the research, often

Getting to Know the International

Space Station

left, or right in space, a system is

ISS has a functional name such as

Figure 3. Composite image of

the fully assembled ISS with key elements noted. (Top) View from the front-looking aft. (Middle) View from below (i.e., nadir) looking up at the ISS. (Bottom) View from above, looking down on the ISS. Orientation of the ISS is with respect to normal attitude, which is discussed further in Chapter 8. These images were compiled from dozens of photographs taken during the y-around of the

Space Shuttle Endeavour after it

undocked and ew around the ISS in May 2011 during one of the last missions to the outpost. This picture also shows the European Automated

Transfer Vehicle, the Russian

autonomous cargo vehicle Progress, and the Russian Soyuz spacecraft that transports the crew to and from the space station. The components are dened in Table 2. is the fourth truss segment on the Figure 4. Components of the ISS color coded by contributing country.

Assembly Sequence

Since the ISS was too big to launch

to ensure their installation on the ISS

Figure 5. Size comparison of the ISS to a US football eld. The following statistics provide additional information to offer a sense

of scale.

• Size: 51 m (167.3 ft) from front to back (PMA2 to Service Module) and 109 m (375.5 ft) from one tip of the truss to the ot

her. That is equivalent to the length of an American football eld including the end zones (a football eld m easures 110 m [360 ft] in length). The ISS is almost four times as large as the Russian space station Mir and about ve times as larg e as Skylab, the rst US space station. • Power Generation: Eight solar arrays on the US Segment are capable of producing a total of

84 kilowatts of solar power. The solar array wingspan

(73 m [240 ft]) is longer than that of a Boeing 777-200/300 model, which is 65 m (212 ft). The total ISS solar array surface area is nearly 4,050 m

2 (1 acre) in size. Thirteen km (8 miles) of wire connect the electrical power system. • Mass: 419,400 kg (924,700 lbs), the equivalent of more than 320 automobiles.

• Pressurized Volume: 916 m

3 (32,333 ft 3 ), or equal to that of a Boeing 747.

• Habitable Volume: 388 m

3 (13,696 ft 3 ), roughly the same living space as a 158 m 2 (1,700 ft 2 ) house that has 2.5 m (8 ft) walls. missions were purely logistical in nature, bringing up equipment, transports supplies to the ISS using to ensure two berthing ports for cargo

One exception was the launch of

of three people) to the ISS are to the ISS in 2000, the station has a Soyuz but came home on the the ISS to rotate the Soyuz rescue

Since then, most crew members have

case an emergency forces the crew to so that generic planning can occur construction phase of the assembly after a given shuttle assembly stage beginning at the launch of a Table 2. Listing of all Flights Assembling the ISS ISS Assembly IDLaunch DateElementPublic Name, if applicable (English Translation)Launch Vehicle ID

1A/RNovember 20, 1998Functional Cargo Block (FGB in Russian)Zarya (“Dawn" as in

dawning, new)Proton

2ADecember 4, 1998Node-1, PMA-1, and PMA-2Unity (Node-1)STS-88

2A.1May 27, 1999Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC) for suppliesSTS-96

2A.2aMay 19, 2000ICC for suppliesSTS-101

1RJuly 12, 2000Service ModuleZvezda (“Star")Proton

2A.2bSeptember 8, 2000ICC for suppliesSTS-106

3AOctober 11, 2000Z1 Truss and PMA-3STS-92

4ANovember 30, 2000P6 TrussSTS-97

5AFebruary 7, 2001US LaboratoryDestinySTS-98

5A.1March 8, 2001MPLM External Stowage Platform (ESP)-1 LeonardoSTS-102

6AApril 19, 2001MPLM Canadarm2RaffaelloSTS-100

7AJuly 12, 2001USOS Joint AirlockQuestSTS-104

7A.1August 10, 2001MPLM LeonardoSTS-105

4RSeptember 15, 2001RS Docking Compartment-1 (DC-1) & Airlock Pirs (“Pier")Soyuz-U/Progress

UF-1December 5, 2001MPLM RaffaelloSTS-108

8AApril 8, 2002S0 Truss, Mobile TransporterSTS-110

UF-2June 5, 2002MPLM Mobile remote servicer Base System (MBS)LeonardoSTS-111

9AOctober 7, 2002S1 TrussSTS-112

11ANovember 23, 2002P1 TrussSTS-113

LF-1July 26, 2005MPLM MPLM ESP-2RaffaelloSTS-114

ULF-1.1July 4, 2006MPLM LeonardoSTS-121

12ASeptember 9, 2006P3/P4 TrussSTS-115

12A.1December 9, 2006P5 TrussSTS-116

13AJune 8, 2007S3/S4 TrussSTS-117

13A.1August 8, 2007S5 Truss and MPLM ESP -3STS-118

10AOctober 23, 2007Node 2HarmonySTS-120

1EFebruary 7, 2008European LaboratoryColumbusSTS-122

1J/AMarch 11, 2008Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator

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