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Grade 12 Chemistry

Review Workbook -

Solutions

Created by Kali Zender

Commented [KZ1]: Tutor: Include brief content

summaries but focus mainly on examples for time purposes. Sections which should be the first to be skipped or shortened are indicated (they are less important to cover).

Grade 12 Chemistry Review Workbook

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1. Organic Chemistry

General IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds:

1) The lowest numbers possible must be used to denote positions.

2) To separate numbers, use commas.

3) To separate numbers and letters, use hyphens.

4) Names of branches and parent chains are not to be separated.

5) Unnecessary numbers should be omitted.

The parent chain is the longest carbon chain of an organic compound. The length of the parent chain is

associated with a certain prefix, as shown below. Prefix Number of Carbons in Parent Chain Prefix Number of Carbons in Parent Chain meth- 1 hex- 6 eth- 2 hept- 7 prop- 3 oct- 8 but- 4 non- 9 pent- 5 dec- 10

1.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbon Type Carbon-Carbon Bonds Saturation

Alkane Only single bonds Saturated

Alkene At least one double bond Unsaturated

Alkyne At least one triple bond Unsaturated

A saturated hydrocarbon ǡDzdz

number of hydrogen atoms. In contrast, unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds, allowing for less hydrogen atoms to be bonded to each carbon atom.

1.1.1 Naming Branched Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Straight chains become branched chains with the addition of alkyl groups, which are hydrocarbon

groups derived from alkanes by the removal of an H atom, e.g. -CH3 γDzǡdz-C2H5 γDzǤdz Use the

steps below as a guide to name branched alkanes.

1) Identify the parent chain.

2) Number the carbon atoms, starting with the end closest to the multiple bond, if present. If no

multiple bonds are present, start naming with the end closest to the branch(es).

3) Indicate the location of the multiple bond, if present, by the number of the carbon atom that begins

the multiple bond. Indicate multiple doublDz-dzȋ͚ȌǡDz-dzȋ͛ȌǡDz-dz

(4), etc.

4) Name each branch and indicate its location on the parent chain by the number of the carbon atom

at the point of attachment. If more than 1 branch is present, list the branches in alphabetical order.

If there are multiple identical branches, insert a comma between their location numbers and use

Grade 12 Chemistry Review Workbook

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5) Write the complete IUPAC name, including both multiple bonds and branches. Use Dz-dz

for alkanesǡDz-dzǡDz-dz.

1.1 Example

Name the following organic compounds.

a)

Answer: ethene

b)

Answer: 6-methyl-2-octene

c)

Answer: 3-methyl-1,4-hexadiyne

d)

Answer: 2-methylpentane

1.2 Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes (also called haloalkanes or alkyl halides) are formed when halogen atoms (fluorine,

chlorine, bromine, or iodine) are added to a parent chain to replace a hydrogen atom. Halogenoalkanes

have the general formula CnH2n+1X, where X denotes the halogen atom.

1.2.1 Naming Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes are named by treating the halogens as branches. The halogen branch names are Dz-ǡdzDz-ǡdzDz-ǡdzDz-Ǥdze indicated by the suffixes

1.2 Example

Name the following organic compounds.

1.1

Answer: 1-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane

1.2

Answer: 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobutane

1.3 Alcohols

Alcohols are organic compounds which include a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) and have a general formula CnH2n+1OH. Alcohols with the same formula may differ by the location of the hydroxyl group.

1.3.1 Naming Alcohols

To indicate the hydroxyl functional group, aDz-dzȋDz-dz first). Numbering must start at the end nearest the hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group position is indicated by the number associated with the carbon atom to which it is attached. This number can

1.3 Example

Grade 12 Chemistry Review Workbook

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Name the following organic compounds.

a)

Answer: 1-propanol or propan-1-ol

b)

Answer: 2-methyl-2-butanol or 2-

methylbutan-2-ol

1.4 Ethers

Ethers are organic compounds containing 2 alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom.

1.4.1 Naming Ethers

Dz-dzplaced after the prefix of the smaller hydrocarbon group, and the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon group is added at the end.

1.4 Example

Name the following organic compounds.

a)

Answer: methoxymethane

b)

Answer: ethoxypropane

1.5 Aldehydes and Ketones

Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl functional group (C=O). Aldehydes and ketones differ by the position of their carbonyl groups, as shown below. Organic Compound Carbonyl Group Position General Structure

Aldehyde Dzdzǣa hydrogen atom

Ketone Bonded to 2 carbon atoms

1.5.1 Naming Aldehydes

Dz-dzDz-Ǥdz No numbering is necessary to indicate the position of the carbonyl group since it is always located at the end of the molecule.

1.5.2 Naming Ketones

containing the carbonyl group has more than 4 carbon atoms, it is necessary to use a numerical prefix

to specify the location of the carbonyl group (if less than 4 carbons, the number would be redundant).

1.5 Example

Name the following organic compounds.

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a)

Answer: 2-pentanone

b)

Answer: methanal

1.6 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Both carboxylic acids and esters contain a carbonyl functional group with an additional oxygen atom

single-bonded to the carbon atom. Carboxylic acids and esters differ by the position of their carbonyl

groups, as shown below. Organic Compound Carbonyl Group Position General Structure Carboxylic Acid DzdzǣThe added oxygen is bonded to a hydrogen atom

Ester The added oxygen is bonded to a carbon atom

1.6.1 Naming Carboxylic Acids

1.6.2 Naming Esters

Write the name of the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen on the carbonyl group. Follow with the name of the chain bonded to the other side of the carbonyl group, changing the suffix Dz-

1.6 Example

Name the following organic compounds.

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