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The Global Gender

Gap Report

2014

Insight Report

Insight Report

The Global

Gender Gap Report

2014
The Global Gender Gap Report 2014 is published by the

World Economic Forum.

Professor Klaus Schwab

Founder and Executive Chairman

Managing Director and Member of the Managing Board

Senior Director, Gender Parity Programme,

Human Capital and Constituents

Senior Project Manager, Gender Parity Programme

Team Coordinator, Gender Parity and Civil Society

Associate Director, Gender Parity Programme

Senior Manager, Gender Parity Programme

Professor Ricardo Hausmann

Director, Center for International Development

Professor Laura D. Tyson

S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management,

Haas School of Business

We are very grateful for the support of Valentina Stoevska at the ILO; Amélie Gagnon, Pascale Ratovondrahona and Chiao-Ling Chien at UNESCO; Kareen Jabre at the IPU; Ann-Beth Moller, Doris Chou, Retno Wahyu Mahanani and Jessica Chi Ying Ho at the WHO; and Yashaswini Singh at the World Economic Forum. A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout.

Thank you to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic

Forum"s Publications team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this report. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term covers well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis

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© 2014 World Economic Forum

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No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.

ISBN 92-95044-38-X

ISBN 978-92-95044-38-8

The Global Gender Gap Report 2014 | iii

v Preface

Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

3

The Global Gender Gap Index 2014

Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley, Yasmina Bekhouche, World Economic Forum and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum 51
Appendix A: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2014 53

Appendix B: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time

59

Appendix C: The Case for Gender Equality

61
Appendix D: Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator, 2014 63

Appendix E: Rankings by Indicator, 2014

79
Appendix F: Detailed Results of National Policy Frameworks Survey

83 List of Countries

85

User"s Guide: How Country Profiles Work

Yasmina Bekhouche and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum

94 Country Profiles

378 Contributors

381 Acknowledgements

Contents

The Global Gender Gap Report 2014 | v

People and their talents are two of the core drivers of sustainable, long-term economic growth. If half of these talents are underdeveloped or underutilized, the economy will never grow as it could. Multiple studies have shown that healthy and educated women are more likely to have healthier and more educated children, creating a positive, virtuous cycle for the broader population. Research also shows the benefits of gender equality in politics: when women are more involved in decision-making, they make different decisions—not necessarily better or worse—but decisions that reflect the needs of more members of society. Some of the most compelling findings regarding the benefits of gender equality are emerging from companies. For example, companies that include more women at the top levels of leadership tend to outperform those that don"t. With a growing female talent pool coming out of schools and universities, and with more consumer power in the hands of women, companies who fail to recruit and retain women—and ensure they have a pathway to leadership positions—undermine their long-term competitiveness. And for those that do, the benefits of diversity are evident.

But these benefits go beyond the economic case.

There is another simple and powerful reason why more women should be empowered: fairness. Women represent one half of the global population—they deserve equal access to health, education, influence, earning power and political representation. Their views and values are critical for ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive common future. Humanity"s collective progress depends on it.

Through the the World

Economic Forum quantifies the magnitude of gender- based disparities and tracks their progress over time. While no single measure can capture the complete situation, the

Global Gender Gap Index presented in this seeks

to measure one important aspect of gender equality: the relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics. The thus identifies those countries that are role models in equitably allocating their resources between women and men, regardless of the overall level of those resources. To complement this, the Country Profiles contain a comprehensive set of supporting information that provides the broader context on laws, social norms and policies within a country. This year"s also provides unique new insights on the pace of change, and where change is coming from, based on almost a decade of data.

We created the in 2006

to provide a public, globally relevant tool that delivers information on how countries are faring on gender equality. Since then, this and the other initiatives of the Gender Parity Programme, have generated significant impact. The Global Gender Parity Group, a multi-stakeholder community of business leaders, has helped build momentum for gender equality as a business imperative, both at and beyond the World Economic Forum. Our online repository of information on company best practices to close economic gender gaps serves as a gateway for those seeking to implement such practices in their own companies. Our collaborations with public and private sector leaders in Japan, Korea, Mexico and Turkey to close economic gender gaps are amongst the models that other countries are seeking to adopt in order to address gender equality. The platform we provide for dialogue has helped bring together stakeholders on issues as diverse as girls" education, the science and technology gender gap and women"s entrepreneurship. Finally, this has been widely used by numerous businesses, governments, universities, NGOs, media organizations, and individuals as a vital tool for their own work. We would like to express our appreciation to Yasmina

Bekhouche, Senior Project Manager, Gender Parity

Programme, and Saadia Zahidi, Head, Gender Parity

Programme for their leadership and contributions to this

We would also like to thank Jessica Camus,

Pearl Samandari Massoudi and Paulina Padilla Ugarte for their support of this project at the World Economic Forum. We are thankful for the ongoing support of Ricardo Hausmann, Director, Center for International Development, Harvard University, and Laura D. Tyson, S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. Finally, we welcome the indefatigable support of the Partners of the Gender Parity Programme and their commitment to closing gender gaps.

As this shows, good progress has been

made over the last years on gender equality, and in some cases, in a relatively short time. Yet we are far from achieving equality of opportunity or equality of outcomes. To accelerate the pace of change, we must be consistent

Preface

KLAUS SCHWAB

Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum vi | The Global Gender Gap Report 2014

Preface

in measuring progress, rigorous in identifying solutions and collaborative in our actions. While governments have an important role to play in creating policies that provide women and men with equal access to opportunities, companies must also create workplaces where the best talent can flourish. Civil society, educators and media are also critical in empowering women and engaging men in the process. It is our hope that this latest edition of the will serve as a call to action to spur change on an issue that is central to our future. Ultimately, it is through each individual adapting his or her beliefs and actions that change can occur. We call upon every reader of this to join these efforts.

Part 1

The Global Gender Gap

and its Implications

The Global Gender Gap Report 2014 | 3

The Global Gender Gap Index 2014

RICARDO HAUSMANN, Harvard University

LAURA D. TYSON, University of California, Berkeley

YASMINA BEKHOUCHE, World Economic Forum

SAADIA ZAHIDI, World Economic Forum

a comparison within its income group. The second page of the Country Profiles shows the trends between 2006 and 2014 on the overall Index and four subindexes, as well as over 50 gender-related variables that provide a fuller context for the country"s performance. These variables include information on employment & leadership; science, technology and research; health; marriage and childbearing; the childcare ecosystem; and information on rights and norms.

MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP

The methodology of the Index has remained stable since its development in 2006, providing robust comparative and intra-country information.

Three underlying concepts

There are three basic concepts underlying the Global Gender Gap Index, forming the basis of the choice of indicators, how the data is treated and the scale used. First, it focuses on measuring gaps rather than levels. Second, it captures gaps in outcome variables rather than gaps in input variables. Third, it ranks countries according to gender equality rather than women"s empowerment. These three concepts are briefly outlined below. For a description of how these concepts are captured by the construction techniques used in the creation of the Index, please see the section below,

Gaps vs. levels

The Index is designed to measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those countries. We do this in order to make the Global Gender Gap Index independent from the countries" levels of development. In other words, the Index is constructed to rank countries on their gender gaps not on their development level. For example, rich countries, generally speaking, are able to offer more education and health opportunities to all members of society, although this is quite independent of the gender-related gaps that may exist within those higher levels of health or education. The Global Gender Gap Index, rewards countries for The co-authors are deeply grateful to Pearl Samandari Massoudi, Jessica Camus and Paulina Padilla Ugarte for their excellent s upport in the production of this year"s The Global Gender Gap Index was first introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparitiesquotesdbs_dbs28.pdfusesText_34

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