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LESSONS

IN

DEVELOPMENT

A COMPARATIVE

STUDY OF

ASIA AND LATIN

AMERICA

--i -------

Seiji Naya, Miguel Urrutia,

Shelley Mark,

and Aifredo Fuentes

International Center for Economic Growth

Lessons

in Development

A Comparative

Study of Asia and Latin America

TiE INTERNATIONAL. CENTER I:OR ECONOMIC Gi owni is a non-profit institute founded in 1985 to stilmulate international discussions on economic policy, economic growth, and humlan developlent. The Center sponsors research. publications, and conferences in cooperation with an international network ofcorrespondent institutes, which distribute publications of both the Center and otlur network members to policy audiences around the world. The Center's research and Pul)lications program is organized around five series: Sector Studies: Countiy Studies; Studies in I luman Development and Social

Welfare: Occasional P'a)ers: and Reprints.

The Center is af-iliated with the Institute for Contemporary Studies, and has headquarters in Panama and a honie otfice in San Francisco, California. For further information, please contact the International Center for Economic Grt;wth, 2-13 Kearny Street. San Fran-isco, California, 94108,

USA. Phone (415) 981-5353; FAX: (415) 986-4878.

ICEG Board of Overseers

Y. Seyyid Abdulai Woo-Choong Kim

OPEC wind.JbrIternatotioal DAEWO0 Corp., Korea

Development. Austria Adalbert Krieger Vasena

Abdalatif AI-Hamad Argentina

Arab Maid.lbrEconmomic and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski

Social

Ie'vcloptent. Kuwait Peru & USA

Roy Ash Augustin lxgorreta

Ash Capital Partnership.USA Inverhnt S.A.. Mexico

Nicolhis Ardito-13arletta. Chairman Sol Iinowitz

Panama Coudert Bros.. USA

Raymond Barrc Jorge Mejia Salazar

France Colombia

Roberto Campos Saburo Okita

NationalSenator,Brazil InstituteIbr Domestic and Intema- Carlos Manuel Castillo tional Pclicy Studies. Japan

Costa Rica Tomas Pastoriza

A. Lawrence Chickering Banco de Desarrollo

International CenterJbr Economic Dominicano,S.A.,

Growth. LISA (ex-qoficio) DominicanRepublic

Gustavo Cisneros

John Petty

Organizacion Diego Cisneros, InteramericanDevelopmem

Venezuela Bank,USA

Roberto Civita Donald Rumsfeld,

EditoraAbril, Brazil USA

A. W. Clausen Stephen Schmidheiny

BankAmenrica Corporation.USA ANOVA A.G.. Svitzerland

Edmund 13. Fitzgerald Anthony M. Solomon

Northern Telecom, USA S.G. Warburg (USA), Inc. USA

Robert 13. Hawkins,Jr. J. J. Vallarino

Instit InterAmerican Councilof Comute.for Coy!temp.orary

Studies, USA merce and Production,Panama

Ivan Head Paul A. Volcker

InternationalDevetopment USA

Resecrch Center (IDRC), Canada

Lessons

in Development

A Comparative

Study of Asia and Latin America

Edited by

Seiji Naya, Miguel Urrutia,

Shelley Mark,

and Alfredo Fuentes

International

Center for Economic

Growth

Affiliated

with the Institute for Contemporary

Studies

© 1989 International Center for Economic Growth Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in aily manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. Publication signifies that the Center believes a work to be a competent treatment worthy of public consideration. The findings, interpreta tions, and conclusions of a work are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to ICEG, its affiliated organizations, its board of overseers, or organizations tha' support ICEG. Inquiries, book orders, and catalogue requests should be addressed to ICS Press, 243 Kearny Street, San Francisco, California, 94108. (415) 981-5353. FAX: (415) 986-4878. Distributed to the trade by Kampmann National Book Network,

Lanham, Maryland.

Library

of

Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lessons in development : acomparative study of Asia and Latin America / edited by Seiji Nava ... let al.l. p. �cm. Papers presented at the Conference on Comparative Development Experiences of Asia and Latin America, held in Honolulu in April 1988.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 1-55815-052-8

1.Asia-Economic policy--Congresses. 2. Latin Amefica-Economic

policy-Congresses. 3. Asia-Commercial policy-Congresses. 4. Latin America-Comnierciali policy--Congresse,;.5. Asia-Economic integra tion--Congresses. 6. Latin America-Economic integration-Congresses.

7. Asia-Foreign economic relations-Latin America--Congresses. 8.

Latin America-Foreign economic relation..--Asia--Congresses. I.Naya, Seiji. I. Conference on Comparative Development Experiences of Asia and Latin America (1988: H1-onolulu, Hawaii)

HC412.144 1989

338.95--dc2O

89-19996

CIP

Contents

List of Tables

vii

Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xiii List of Abbreviations xv

Part One: Introduction and

Overview

Introduction

3

1 Economic Trends

in Asia KedarN. Kohli 13

2 Economic Trends in La tin America EdmarL.

Bacha 39

Part T%o: External Economic Policies

3 Trade Policy

in Asia EdiardK. Y. Chen 55

4 Trade Policy in Latin America Jorge OspinaSardi

77

5 Comparing

Brazil and Korea Youigil Lii

93

Part Three:

Regional Cooperation

and Integration

6 The ASEAN Model of Regional Cooperation

Joln Wong

121
7

Beginnings

of Cooperation in South Asia A. R. Blutyan 143

8 Economic Integration

in Latin America RicardoFfrendi-Di vis 157

Part Four: Relations between Regions

9 Japan and the United States: Roles in Asian

Development Atsushi Murakaini

183

10 Latin American Economic Relations

with the

United States and Japan

CarlosJuan Moneta

197

11 Latin American Trade with the

Asia-Pacific

Region FranciscoOrrego

Vicutia

213
vi CONTENTS

12 Multilateral Trade Negotiations Miguel Rodriguez Mendoza 231

PartFive: Conclusion

13 Asia and Latin America: Main Issues

for Further Research Miguel Urrutia 251

14 Toward Clarity and Common Sense Helen Hughes 259

Appendix 279

Notes and Works Cited 325

Contributors 345

Index 351

List of

Tables

and Figures

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Table 3.1

Figure 3.3

Table 3.2

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Employed

Labor Force in Asian Countries,

by Sector

Share, 1970-86

15 Selected Financial Indicators for Asian Countries,

1970-86

34

Comparative

Macroeconomic

Record for Latin

America and Other Regions: Selected

Variable!-, and

Years, 1950-85

40
Impact of the Net Transfer of Financial Res.,irces for

Latin America, 1979-86

43

Impact of Deterioration

in 'he Terms of Trdde to-,

Latin America, 1980-86

44

Financing of Capital Formation

for Latin America,

1979-1986

45

Selected Latin American and Asian Countries:

Indices of Financial Vulnerability

and Trade

Flexibility

in 1980-81 48

Contents of Religious World View 64

Model of a NIC in Southeast Asia under the E01

Stage of Industrial Development

66

Stages of Industrial Growth: EOI versus E02/E02

Complex

68
"Flying Geese" Pattern of Asian Industrial

Development

71

Current and Projected Stages of Industrial Growth

in Asia-Pacific

Countries,

1986-2000

72

Major Latin

American Countries'

Terms-of-Trade

Index,

1970-86

83

Major Latin American Countries'

Real Effective

Exchange Rate and Liberalization

Index,

1971-86

84
viii LIST OF TA3LES Table 4.3 Major Latin American Countries' Index of Industrial

Self-sufficiency, 1970-84, Sele,:ted 'rears 88

Tab", 5.1 Brazilian Export Incentives: 13ttlIE> Sectoral

Programs, 1980 96

Table 5.2 Export-Output Ratio by Industry for Korea, 1971 and

1980 97

Table 5.3 Export-Output Ratio by Manufacturing Subsector for Brazil, I1970 and 1979 98 Tabie 5.4 Ratio of Manu lactured Iniports o 'Total Supply for

Brazil, 197(0 and 1979 99

Table 5.5 Ratio of Manufactured Imports to Total Supply for

Korea, 1971 and 1980 100

Table 5.3 Import Licensing Liberalization Ratio by Industry for Korea, 1977, 1980, and 1984 1()I Table

5.7 Performance of Manufacturing Subsectors in Brazil

and Korea, 1971 104 Table 5.8 Regrcssion of Net Profit over Total Assets Using

Various Data Sources, 1976-78 112

Tahle 6.1 Intra-ASEAN Trade, 1973-85 127

Table 6.2 Commodii;v Structure of Intra-ASEAN Exports,

1976 and 1984 129

Table 7.1 Intraregional Exports and Imports of South Asian

CoInties, 1979 and 1985 146

Table 8.1 lntra-l-AVl'A and lotal Exports by Country,

1962-86 164

Table 8.2 Composition of Intra-and Extra-regional Exports by Product Group for Latin America, 1965, 1970,

1975, and 1979 166

Table 8.3 Tariff Preferences in Andean Reciprocal Trade,

1981 17(0

Table 9.1 Japanese DFI by Industry 192

Table 13.1 Classification of Asian and Latin American

Countries by Selected Economic Indicators 252

Table 14.1 Real Average Annual Growth of Value Added for

Latin American and Asian Regions, by Sector,

1960-86 271

ix

Table A.I

Table A.2

Table A.3

Table A.4

Table A.5

Table A.6

Table A.7

Table A.8

Table A.9

Table A.10

Tabl2 A.lla

Table A. 1Ib

Table A.12a

Table A. 12b

Table A. 13

Table A.14

Table A. 15

Table A.16

Table A. 17

Appendix

Tables

Population,

Area, and Gross Domestic

Product in

Selected

Countries,

1986 280

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