[PDF] RENEWABLES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

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GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Rana Adib

REN21

PRESIDENT

Arthouros Zervos

National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)

REN?? MEMBERS

MEMBERS AT LARGE

Michael Eckhart

Mohamed El-Ashry

David Hales

Kirsty Hamilton

Peter Rae

GOVERNMENTS

Afghanistan

Austria

Brazil

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Germany

India

Mexico

Norway

Republic of Korea

South Africa

Spain

United Arab Emirates

United States of America

SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA

AEE - Institute for Sustainable

Technologies (AEE INTEC)

Council on Energy, Environment and

Water (CEEW)

Fundación Bariloche (FB)

International Institute for Applied

Systems Analysis (IIASA)

International Solar Energy Society (ISES)

National Renewable Energy

Laboratory (NREL)

National Research University Higher

School of Economics, Russia (HSE)

South African National Energy

Development Institute (SANEDI)

The Energy and Resources

Institute (TERI)

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

Africa Minigrid Developers Association

(AMDA)

Alliance for Rural Electri?cation (ARE)

American Council on Renewable

Energy (ACORE)

Associação Portuguesa de Energias

Renováveis (APREN)

Association for Renewable Energy of

Lusophone Countries (ALER)

Chinese Renewable Energy Industries

Association (CREIA)

Clean Energy Council (CEC)

European Renewable Energies

Federation (EREF)

Global O?-Grid Lighting Association

(GOGLA)

Global Solar Council (GSC)

Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)

Indian Renewable Energy Federation

(IREF)

International Geothermal Association

(IGA)

International Hydropower Association

(IHA)

Renewable Energy Solutions for Africa

(RES4Africa) Foundation

Solar Power Europe

World Bioenergy Association (WBA)

World Wind Energy Association

(WWEA)

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS

Asia Paci?c Energy Research Centre

(APERC)

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

ECOWAS Centre for Renewable

Energy and Energy E?ciency

(ECREEE)

European Commission (EC)

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

International Energy Agency (IEA)

International Renewable Energy

Agency (IRENA)

Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)

Regional Center for Renewable

Energy and Energy E?ciency

(RCREEE)

United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP)

United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO)

World Bank (WB)

NGOS

Association Africaine pour

l'Electri?cation Rurale (Club-ER) CLASP

Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA)

Climate Action Network International

(CAN-I)

Coalition de Ciudades Capitales

de las Americas (CC35)

Energy Cities

Euroheat & Power (EHP)

Fundación Energías Renovables (FER)

Global 100% Renewable Energy

Global Forum on Sustainable

Energy (GFSE)

Global Women's Network for the

Energy Transition (GWNET)

Greenpeace International

ICLEI - Local Governments for

Sustainability

Institute for Sustainable Energy

Policies (ISEP)

International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC)

Jeunes Volontaires pour

l'Environnement (JVE)

Mali Folkecenter (MFC)

Power for All

Renewable Energy and Energy

E?ciency Partnership (REEEP)

Renewable Energy Institute (REI)

Renewables Grid Initiative (RGI)

SLOCAT Partnership for Sustainable

Low Carbon Transport

Solar Cookers International (SCI)

Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)

World Council for Renewable

Energy (WCRE)

World Future Council (WFC)

World Resources Institute (WRI)

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

RENEWABLE ENERGYPOLICY NETWORK FOR THE

st

CENTURY

REN21 is the only

global renewable energy community of actors from science, governments, NGOs and industry. We provide up-to-date and peer-reviewed facts, figures and analysis of global developments in technology, policies and markets. Our goal: enable decision-makers to make the shift to renewable energy happen - now. The most successful organisms, such as an octopus, have a decentralised intelligence and "sensing" function. This increases responsiveness to a changing environment. REN21 incarnates this approach.

Our more than

2,000 community members

guide our co-operative work. They reflect the vast array of backgrounds and perspectives in society. As REN21's eyes and ears, they collect information and share intelligence, by sending input and feedback. REN21 takes all this information to better understand the current thinking around renewables and change norms. We also use this information to connect and grow the energy debate with non-energy players. Our annual publications, the Renewables Global Status Report and the Renewables in Cities Global Status Report, are probably the world's most comprehensive crowdsourced reports on renewables. It is a truly collaborative process of co-authoring, data collection and peer reviewing. ................................ 30

Ongoing Challenges Towards a

Renewables-Based World

.......................... 33 Buildings .......................................... 42 Industry ........................................... 45 Transport .......................................... 48 Power ............................................. 52 ...... 63 Heating and Cooling in Buildings ................... 69 Industry ........................................... 71 Transport .......................................... 74 Power ............................................. 78 Systems Integration of Variable Renewable Electricity .. 83

GLOBAL OVERVIEW

POLICY LANDSCAPE

......................................... 89 Geothermal Power and Heat ....................... 100 Hydropower ....................................... 106 Ocean Power ...................................... 113 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ............................ 117 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) .......... 133 Solar Thermal Heating ............................. 137 Wind Power ....................................... 146

MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS

......................... 165 Technologies and Markets .......................... 167 Business Model Innovations ........................ 172 Financing for Renewables-Based Energy Access .... 173 National Policy Developments ...................... 178

DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLES FOR ENERGY ACCESS

REPORT CITATION

REN21. 2021.

Renewables 2021 Global Status Report

(Paris: REN21 Secretariat). ISBN ................................ 9 Foreword .......................................... 13 Executive Summary ................................ 14

GSR 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 .......... 183

Deploying Renewable Energy Through

Climate Finance

................................... 191 Divestment ........................................ 193 Integration of Renewables in the Power Sector ...... 199

Advances in the Integration of

Renewables in Transport and Heating

............... 203 Enabling Technologies for Systems Integration ...... 204 Heat Pumps ....................................... 205 Electric Vehicles ................................... 208 Energy Storage .................................... 211

INVESTMENT FLOWS

ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES ............ 217 Decarbonisation of End-Use Sectors ................ 221 Drivers of Business Demand for Renewable Energy ... 230 Renewable Electricity .............................. 231 Renewable Heating and Cooling in Industry ......... 234 Renewables in Transport ........................... 236 ENERGY EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLES AND DECARBONISATION

FEATURE:

BUSINESS DEMAND FOR RENEWABLES

............... 240 Data Collection and Validation ...................... 241 Methodological Notes .............................. 242

Glossary

. . . . . . . 245 List of Abbreviations ............................... 253 Photo Credits ...................................... 254 Endnotes: see full version online at www.ren21.net/gsr REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 5 Table 1. Renewable Energy Indicators 2020 .........40 Table 2. Top Five Countries 2020 ....................41 Table 3. COVID-19's Impacts on Employment in Segments of the Renewable Energy Supply Chain ......56

Table 4. New Net Zero Emission and Carbon-Neutral

Targets Set by Countries/Regions in 2020

....65

Table 5. Targets and Policies for Renewable

Hydrogen, 2020

..........................73 Table 6. Renewable Energy Targets and Policies, 2020 ..84 Table 7. Distributed Renewables Policies for Electricity

Access, Selected Countries, 2020 ..........180

Table 8. Distributed Renewables Policies for Clean

Cooking Access, Selected Countries, 2020

. . . .181 Sidebar 1. Oil and Gas Suppliers and the Renewable

Energy Transition

.........................38

Sidebar 2. Impacts of COVID-19 on Renewable

Energy-Related Jobs in 2020

...............56

Sidebar 3. Renewable Energy in COVID-19 Stimulus

Packages ................................62

Sidebar 4. “Subsidy Swaps" as a Means to Shift

Financial Support Towards Renewables

.....67 Sidebar 5. Policy Support for Renewable Hydrogen .....72

Sidebar 6. Renewable Electricity Generation Costs

in 2020 .................................160

Sidebar 7. COVID-19 and Energy Demand in

Buildings, Industry and Transport

..........220

Sidebar 8. Decarbonisation Through Monitoring,

Reporting and Verification Systems

........222 Box 1. Renewable Hydrogen in the GSR .............31

Box 2.

Renewable Energy in Cities ..................34

Box 3.

Sustainability in the GSR .....................35

Box 4.

Trade Policy, Local Content Requirements

and Renewables .............................63

Box 5.

Utility-Led Activity to Support Renewables ....78

Box 6.

Bioenergy and the Bioeconomy ..............97

Box 7.

Small-Scale Wind Power ....................159

Box 8.

Energy Access, Health and COVID-19 .......165

Box 9.

Organisations Leveraging Business

Demand for Renewables

....................231

Box 10.

Amazon's Sourcing of Renewable Electricity ...233

Box 11.

Elpitiya Plantations' Sourcing of

Renewable Heat

............................235

GSR 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6

Comments and questions are

welcome and can be sent to gsr@ren21.net Figure 1. Renewable Energy Shares and Targets, G20 Countries, 2019 and 2020 .......................32

Figure 2.

Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Total

Final Energy Consumption, 2009 and 2019 ......33

Figure 3.

Estimated Growth in Modern Renewables

as Share of Total Final Energy Consumption

Between 2009 and 2019

........................36

Figure 4.

Renewable Share of Total Final Energy

Consumption, by Final Energy Use, 2018 ........37

Figure 5.

Spending on Renewable Energy versus Total

Capital Expenditure, Selected Oil and Gas

Companies, 2020

...............................39

Figure 6.

Renewable Energy Contribution to Heating in

Buildings, by Technology, 2009 and 2019 ........43

Figure 7.

Annual Additions of Renewable Power Capacity,

by Technology and Total, 2014-2020 .............52

Figure 8.

Shares of Net Annual Additions in Power

Generating Capacity, 2010-2020 ................53

Figure 9.

Global Electricity Production by Source, and

Share of Renewables, 2010-2020 ................54

Figure 10.

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