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2020ResearchTrafficking in protected species

World Wildlife Crime Report

UNITED NATIONS

New York, 2020

World Wildlife Crime Report

Traf?cking in protected species

2020

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME

Vienna

© United N ations, May 2020. All rights reserved, worldwide.

ISBN: 978-92-1-148349-9

eISBN: 978-92-1-005225-2

United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.20.XI.8

is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educationalor non-prot purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.

Suggested citation: UNODC,

World Wildlife Crime Report 2020:

Tracking in Protected Species

Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: unodcrab@un.org

DISCLAIMER

?e content of this publication does not necessarily reect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. ?e designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ?is publication has not been formally edited.

Photo source: Introduction (p.

29) ©

A dobeStock, rosewood (p.

37) ©

iS tockphoto, elephant (p.

47) ©

L ucas Metz (unsplash), rhino (p.

60) ©

F abrizio Frigeni (unsplash), pangolin (p.

65) ©

W ildlife Reserves Singapore, reptiles (p.

73) ©

S teven HWG (unsplash), big cats (p.

79) ©

Clo vis Wood (unsplash), eels (p.

93) ©

iS tockphoto, value chains (p.

107) ©

iS tockphoto 3

Preface

e heedless exploitation of nature by humans has led to unprecedented biodiversity loss and a worsening climate crisis. It is also a threat to human health, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pan demic. ree-quarters of all emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, accord- ing to the United Nations Environment

Programme, transferred from animals to

humans, facilitated by environmental destruction and wildlife crime.

Links between the global health crisis

and the illegal exploitation of wildlife have been in the spotlight since it was suggested that wet markets selling wild- life, in this case pangolins, could have facilitated the transfer of COVID-19 to humans. e spike in public awareness of this connection has led to a push for new bans on the sale of wild animals for consumption.

It is against this backdrop that the

second edition of the World Wild- life Crime Report is published by the

United Nations Oce on Drugs and

Crime (UNODC).

e report shows wildlife crime to be a business that is global; lucrative, with high demand driving high prices; and extremely widespread. Nearly 6,000 dif- ferent species of fauna and ora have been seized between 1999 and 2018, with nearly every country in the world playing a role in the illicit wildlife trade. e need to stop wildlife tracking has gained an increasingly prominent place on the political agenda over the past years. Since the publication of

UNODC"s rst World Wildlife Crime

Report in 2016, regulation has increased

for several wildlife markets, including that for pangolin products.

International trade in all pangolin

species is now banned. Despite this, growing volumes are being seized each year. e present edition of the World

Wildlife Crime Report shows that

between 2014 and 2018, seizures of pangolin scales increased tenfold.

Such developments point to the many

challenges which Governments face in preventing and countering wildlife and forest crime. e present report shows that regu- lations on wildlife crime can trigger replacement eects, for example, geo- graphic displacement of trade exploiting legislative gaps between countries, or a shift from protected to alternative species. Robust research and analysis, as well as consistent legislation within countries and across regions are essen tial to eliminate loopholes. Identifying and addressing the vulnerabilities of legal markets to inltration by the illicit trade is also key to strengthening the global regulatory system. Public awareness of the scale and impact of the threats posed by wildlife crime can help reduce demand for products of the illegal wildlife trade and increase support for action.

Building upon UNODC"s research

and analysis work, the Oce"s Global

Programme for Combating Wild-

life and Forest Crime provides policy guidance and technical assistance to requesting countries. UNODC draws upon its role as guardian of the United

Nations Convention against Trans-

national Organized Crime and the U nited Nations Convention against

Corruption to build the capacities of

law enforcement and criminal justice institutions, and support the commu- nities impacted by wildlife crime.

Putting an end to wildlife crime is an

essential part of building back better from the COVID-19 crisis. As we pre pare the road to recovery, we have the chance to reset our relationship with nature and lay the foundations of a more just and more resilient world - working together to eliminate wildlife tracking, prevent future pandemics and put us back on track towards the

Sustainable Development Goals. I hope

that the second edition of the UNODC

World Wildlife Crime Report will be

a useful resource to all our stakehold- ers, contributing to new and sustained action that can close gaps in awareness, knowledge, legislation, and resources - for the sake of people and planet.

Ghada Waly

Executive Director

United Nations

Oce on Drugs and Crime

5

Table of contents

Preface

3 T able of Contents 5 A cknowledgements 6

Glossary

7

Summary and overview 9

Policy implications 19

Chapter 1: Introduction 29

Chapter 2: Rosewood timber 37

Chapter 3: African elephant tusks and rhinoceros horns 47

Chapter 4: Pangolin scales 65

Chapter 5: Live reptiles 73

Chapter 6: Big cats 79

Chapter 7: European glass eels 93

Chapter 8: Value chains and illicit ?inancial ?lows from the trade in ivory and rhinoceros horn 107

Acknowledgements

e World Wildlife Crime Report was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Aairs, United Nations Oce on Drugs and Crime, under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Aairs, and Angela Me,

Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.

Content o

verview

Kristiina Kangaspunta

Angela Me

Anja Korenblik

Analysis and drafting

Ted Leggett

Julie Viollaz

Irmgard Zeiler

Tanya Shadbolt

Data management

Enrico Bisogno

Diana Camerini

Francesca Rosa

Lisa Weijler

ematic research experts contributing to the report

Ekane Humphrey Anoah (pangolins)

Tanawat Likitkererat (World WISE)

James Liu (reptiles, tiger)

Rowan Martin (ivory)

Frances Maplesden (rosewood)

Joao Salguiero (ivory, pangolin)

Rebeca Sandoval (pangolins)

Florian Stein (eels)

Daniel Stiles (ivory, rhino, pangolin, tiger)

George Wittemyer (ivory)

Graphic design, cartography, and layout

Anja Korenblik

Suzanne Kunnen

Kristina Kuttnig

Maria Moser

Lorenz Perszyk

Editing

Raggie Johansen

Review and comments

e

World Wildlife Crime Report 2020

beneted from the invaluable contributions by UNODC colleagues in all divisions. Particularly, the support provided by the UNODC Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime is gratefully acknowledged: Jorge Eduardo Rios, Jenna Dawson-Faber, Giovanni Broussard, Olga Kuzmianok and Sinead Brophy. R esearch for this Report beneted from the expertise and invaluable contribution by the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Also, other partner members of the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC), the I nternational Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), the World Bank and the World Customs Organization (WCO), supported the production of the report. e R esearch and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the invaluable contributions and advice provided by the World Wildlife Crime Report Scientic Advisory Group: Debbie Banks, Steven Broad, Colman O"Criodain, Or Drori, Juliana Machado Ferreira, Soe Flensborg, Pia Jonsson, Paula Kahumbu, Jennifer Mailley, Kelly Malsch, Martha Serrano Rivas, John Sellar,

Daniel Stiles, Kristof Titeca, and Ling Xu.

e pr eparation of this report beneted from the nancial contributions of the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway, France and the European Union. 6 7

Glossary

CEN Customs Enforcement Network of the World Customs Organisation CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Also sometimes used to describe the international legal order that flows from the Convention, or as shorthand for governance mechanisms or the Secretariat of the Convention

CITES Parties

States that have joined CITES and agreed to be bound by the Convention ICCWC International Consortium on Combatting Wildlife Crime (includes CITES, INTERPOL, UNODC, World Bank, WCO) IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IUCN/SSC/AfESG

IUCN Species Survival Commission African Elephant Specialist Group

Genus (plural, Genera)

A collection of species distinguished through common characteristics Kosso

Pterocarpus erinaceus

, a fragrant hardwood marketed as “rosewood" MIKE Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants programme

Pangolin

Several species of scaly anteater found in Africa and Asia PIKE

Proportion of Illegally Killed Elephants

Range state

A country in the natural range of a species

Rosewood

Several species of trees with richly-hued hardwoods suitable for furniture manufacture

Species

The basic taxonomic unit by which different types of wildlife are distinguished

Taxon (plural, Taxa)

A scientific grouping of organisms based on common characteristics. For example, the designation “species" is a taxon, as are the designations “class", order", and “genus"

Timber

Wood prepared in some way for human use

Tons References to tons are to metric tons, unless otherwise stated

TRIDOM

Tri-National Dja-Odzala-Minkébé trans-border forest, the juncture between

Cameroon, Congo and Gabon

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

USFWS-LEMIS

United States Forest and Wildlife Service Law Enforcement Management

Information System

WCO

World Customs Organization

World WISE

UNODC World Wildlife Seizure database

9

Four years have passed since the rst

World Wildlife Crime Report

was pub lished in 2016. In the interim, there have been signicant changes in both the policy environment and the illicit markets. If anything, tracking of wild fauna and ora has grown in importance in the public conscious- ness and has risen on the political agenda, as it becomes clear that wild life crime has negative implications for climate change, preservation of biodiversity, security and public health. In response, controls have tightened in a number of wildlife markets since the rst publication, including those for rosewood, ivory, and pangolins.

As in the previous Report, this edi-

tion draws heavily on the seizure data compiled in UNODC"s World WISE database. is database has grown, currently containing just under

180,000 seizures from 149 countries

and territories. 1

Contributing to this

growth is the new CITES illegal trade reporting requirement. Each October since 2017, CITES Parties have been required to submit data on all seizures of wildlife made in the previous year.

As an ICCWC partner, UNODC

has been maintaining these data and analysing them when permitted to do so by the relevant CITES Party. 2 anks to this process, the UNODC

World WISE database now has strong

coverage for seizures that took place in 2016 and 2017. Seizure data for

2018 have also been included for

some countries, after their review. 3 ere are inherent limitations on the uses of seizure data, and not all seizure data are of equal quality. With these limitations in mind, World WISE is used cautiously in this report. e nature of this CITES-oriented data source aects the scope of this report. CITES lays out rules for trade in over 36,000 protected species, and it requires its parties to penalise trade in violation of these rules. But there wildlife crime. To better understand markets where illegal materials are feeding legal industries, legal trade data are used. In addition to these core data, additional research was per- formed for this report for a range of species. Making use of this additional research, other forms of illegal har- vest and trade are considered where this activity is relevant to the markets examined. Consequently, for the pur- poses of this report, the term “wildlife crime" refers to harvesting and trade contrary to national law , particularly, but not exclusively, the national laws implemented in fullment of CITES obligations. is includes oences that might not attract criminal sanc tions in some parts of the world.

The World WISE Database illus-

trates the diversity of wildlife crime.

Nearly 6,000 species have been seized

between 1999-2018, including not only mammals but reptiles, corals, birds, and sh. No single species is responsible for more than 5 per cent of the seizure incidents. Virtually every country in the world plays a role, and no single country is identied as are many crimes aecting wildlife that have nothing to do with these species.

For example:

-- -the millions of species that are not listed by CITES may be illegally harvested and traded internationally, as is frequently the case in timber and sh traf- cking; -- -CITES is limited to regulating international trade, so the illegal harvesting of wildlife, such as the poaching of protected species, does not fall within its scope if the product is not transported internationally; -- -domestic markets for wildlife are also beyond its jurisdiction, whatever the source of the wildlife, so long as the products concerned cannot be proven to have crossed borders in contra- vention of CITES rules. us, by focusing on CITES-related seizures, the core data used in this report do not cover all aspects of

SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW

Fig. 1Number of seizures in World WISE by year

Source: UNODC World WISE Database

* At the time the data processing for this report was finalized, the data c ollection for seizures made in 2018 was not yet complete. 3,317 3,719 3,447 3,592 4,697 5,735 8,233 9,182 8,423 9,513

11,785

13,492

12,625

12,933

12,751

8,030 8,193

17,881

20,762

520

05,00010,00015,00020,00025,000

1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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