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Arabic

An Essential Grammar

'The book has the great advantage of introducing Arabic grammatical terminology in a manner that is clear and easy to follow . . . there is nothing like it on the market at present and I believe it will be much appreciated by teachers and students alike'

Stefan Sperl,

Senior Lecturer in Arabic

, SOAS, UK

Arabic: An Essential Grammar

is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of the language. Suitable for beginners, as well as intermediate students, this book offers a strong foundation for learning the fundamental grammar structures of Arabic. The complexities of the language are set out in short, readable sections and exercises and examples are provided throughout. The book is ideal for independent learners as well as for classroom study.

Features of this book include:

coverage of the Arabic script and alphabet a chapter on Arabic handwriting a guide to pronunciation examples provided throughout.

Faruk Abu-Chacra

is Senior Lecturer Emeritus in Arabic at the Uni- versity of Helsinki, Finland.

Routledge Essential Grammars

Essential Grammars

are available for the following languages:

Chinese

Czech

Danish

Dutch

English

Finnish

German

Modern Greek

Modern Hebrew

Hungarian

Norwegian

Polish

Portuguese

Serbian

Spanish

Swedish

Thai Urdu Other titles of related interest published by Routledge:

Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon

(forthcoming)

By Daniel Newman

Colloquial Arabic of Egypt

By Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar

Colloquial Arabic of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia

(second edition forthcoming)

By Clive Holes

Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar

By El Said Badawi, Mike Carter and Adrian Gully

Arabic

An Essential Grammar

Faruk Abu-Chacra

First published 2007

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2007 Faruk Abu-Chacra

All rights

r ese r v ed. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Abu Shaqra, Faruq.

Arabic : an essential grammar / by Faruk Abu-Chacra. p. cm.

1. Arabic language Ð Textbooks for foreign speakers Ð English.

I. Title.

PJ6307.A384 2007

492.7

82421Ñdc22

2006023828

ISBN10:

0Ð415Ð41572Ð1 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0Ð415Ð41571Ð3 (pbk)

ISBN10: 0Ð203Ð08881Ð6 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978Ð0Ð415Ð41572Ð9 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978Ð0Ð415Ð41571Ð2 (pbk)

ISBN13: 978Ð0Ð203Ð08881Ð4 (ebk)This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.

T o pu r chase y our o wn co p y of this or a n y of T a ylor & F rancis or R outledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.u k."

ISBN 0-203-08881-6 Master e-book ISBN

v

Contents

Prefacevii

Acknowledgementsviii

List of abbreviationsix

1 Arabic script, transliteration and alphabet table1

2 Pronunciation of consonants5

3 Punctuation and handwriting9

4 Vowels13

5 Suku¯n, sÿaddah, noun cases and nunation as indeÞnite form 17

6 Long vowels,

alif maqsúuørah, dagger or miniature alif, word stress and syllable structure 21

7 Hamzah (hamzatu l-qatú

i) and the maddah sign26

8 DeÞnite article

al..., nominal sentences, verbal sentences, word order and adjectives 31

9 Sun and moon letters, hamzatu l-wasúli (wasúlah)39

10 Gender 46

11 Conjunctions, prepositions and the particle

húattaø51 12 Idúaøfah construction (genitive attribute) and the Þve nouns 61

13 Number: dual and plural70

14 Perfect tense verbs, root and radicals, triliteral verbs and

word order78

15 Separate personal pronouns and sufÞx pronouns87

16 Demonstrative, reßexive and reciprocal pronouns98

17 Imperfect tense verb in the indicative and word order 106

18 Derived verb forms (stems), roots and radicals, transitive

and intransitive verbs115

19 Passive verbs128

20 Rules for writing the hamzah (hamzatu l-qatú

i)135

21 Broken plurals and collective nouns144

22 Triptotes and diptotes151

23 Participles, verbal nouns (mas˙dar), nouns of place, time and

instrument160

24 Interrogative particles and pronouns, vocative particles 169

25 Adjectival patterns, relative adjectives (nisbah),

comparatives and superlatives, diminutives181 26
Inna and its sisters, ka¯na and its sisters193

27 Relative pronouns and relative clauses201

28 Moods: subjunctive, jussive (apocopatus) and imperative 209

29 Doubled verbs (mediae geminatae) and quadriliteral verbs 218

30 Verbs with hamzah224

31 Verbs with a weak initial radical231

32 Verbs with a weak middle radical237

33 Verbs with a weak

fi nal radical, doubly weak verbs and weak verbs with hamzah246

34 Cardinal numbers256

35 Ordinal numbers, fractions, expressions of time and

calendars269

36 Exception282

37 Verbs of wonder, the negative copula

laysa, verbs with special uses and some special uses of the preposition bi... 289

38 Adverbs and adverbials, absolute or inner object, h˙a¯l

(circumstantial clause) and tamy z (accusative of speci fi cation)299

39 Conditional sentences309

Appendices

Appendix 1 Tables of verb forms319

Appendix 2 Verb conjugation paradigms328

Index 351

vi

Contents

vii

Preface

This book describes the fundamental grammar and structure of modern literary Arabic. It is complete with exercises and offers a strong found a- tion for reading and writing the Arabic of newspapers, books, broad- casts and formal speech, as well as providing the student with a course for self-study. The exercises and examples contain modern vocabulary and expressions taken from everyday use. The work contains thirty-nine chapters with an appendix of tables for verb forms and verb conjugation paradigms. All chapters are progres- sive and they complement each other. For this reason it is recommended that the student master each lesson before going on to the next. Up to chapter 22, a full transliteration into the Latin alphabet is give n for all Arabic examples and exercises. From chapter 22 onwards, the transliteration is omitted from the exercises only. There are two types of exercise: Arabic sentences translated into English, and English sentences to be translated into Arabic. The words of the English to Arabic translation exercises are taken from the Arabic to English exercises of the same chapter.

So that readers do not have to use Arabic

English dictionaries, which a

learner of Arabic would nd dif cult at this stage, most Arabic words in the exercises are indexed with a superscript number and the same number is given to the equivalent English word.

I am con

dent that this book will prove to be of great help to those who have begun or will begin the study of Arabic, and that teachers will nd it a useful aid. viii

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to my former colleagues at the Institute for Asian and African Studies at the University of Helsinki (Finland), especially Professor Tapani Harviainen and Dr Bertil Tikkanen, and to Professor Daniel Newman of the University of Durham (England) as well as Professor Benjamin Hoffez of Oakland University (USA). They read the original manuscript and made numerous valuable comments and suggestions for its improvement. In addition I should also like to thank the anonymous reviewers appointed by Routledge for their constructive criticism and advice.

I also acknowledge the generous

nancial support of the Ministry of Education of Finland, the University of Helsinki, Alfred Kordelin Foundation, Jenni and Antti Wihuri Foundation, and the Finnish

Association of Non-Fiction Writers.

Faruk Abu-Chacra

Helsinki, Finland, 2007

ix

Abbreviations

acc.accusative act. active

C consonant

def. de nite dipt. diptote du. dual f./fem. feminine gen. genitive imperat. imperative imperf. imperfect indef. inde nite indic./ind. indicative intrans. intransitive juss. jussive lit. literally m./masc. masculine nom. nominative part./particip. participle pass. passive pers. person pl./plur. pluralquotesdbs_dbs49.pdfusesText_49

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