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2020

GLOBAL REPORT ON

TRAFFICKING

IN PERSONS

Global Report on

Trafcking in Persons

2020

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME

Vienna

UNITED NATIONS

New York, 2020

is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prot purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.

Suggested citation: UNODC,

Global Report on Traficking in Persons 2020

(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.20.IV.3). Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:

Crime Research Section

Research and Trend Analysis Branch

Division for Policy Analysis and Public Aairs

United Nations Oce on Drugs and Crime

P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria

E-mail: globaltipreport@un.org

Tel.: (+43) 1 26060 0

Fax: (+43) 1 26060 75223

e content of this publication does not necessarily reect the views or policies of UNODC, Member States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. is document has not been formally edited. e designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © United Nations, January 2021. All rights reserved, worldwide.

Title: Global Report on Tracking in Persons 2020

Language: English

Sales no.: E.20.IV.3

ISBN: 978-92-1-130411-4

eISBN: 978-92-1-005195-8 print ISSN: 2411-8435 online ISSN: 2411-8443 4

PREFACE

fiis is the flfth global report by the United Nations

Oce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), mandated by

the General Assembly through the 2010 Global Plan of

Action to Combat Tracking in Persons.

fie report comes at a time when global suering has vast ly increased vulnerabilities to tracking. Extreme pover ty is expected to rise for the flrst time in decades, with the continuing COVID-19 crisis casting a long shadow over our societies and economies. With many millions more women, men and children in every part of the world out of school, out of work, without social support and facing diminished prospects, targeted action is urgently needed to stop crimes like tracking in persons from adding to the pandemic"s toll. In order to act, we need to understand better the factors that facilitate human tracking. It is in this spirit that

I present to you the Global Report on Tracking in

Persons 2020.

fie report draws on data from 148 countries and ex plores issues of particular relevance in the current crisis, including the impact of socio-economic factors, drivers of child tracking and tracking for forced labour, and trackers" use of the internet. Although found in every country and every region, traf flcking in persons remains a hidden crime, with perpe trators operating in the dark corners of the internet and the underbelly of the global economy to entrap victims for sexual exploitation, forced labour, domestic servitude and other forms of exploitation. For every 10 victims detected globally, flve are adult wom en and two are girls. Migrants account for a signiflcant share of the detected victims in most regions. Trackers prey upon the marginalized and impoverished. Cases ex amined by UNODC found that at least half involved victims who were targeted because of economic need. Children living in extremely poor households are espe cially vulnerable, and countries in West Africa, South

Asia and Central America and the Caribbean report much higher shares of detected child victims. Globally, one in every three victims detected is a child, but in low income countries, children account for half of the vic-tims detected, most of them tracked for forced labour.

By bringing visibility to this crime, and shedding light on tracking patterns and ows, this report can assist governments, parliaments and stakeholders in develop ing solutions capable of addressing root causes and risk factors, prosecuting oenders, protecting the vulnerable and better supporting victims. UNODC has been systematically collecting and analys ing data on tracking in persons for more than a decade. During this time, an increasing number of countries have criminalized tracking in line with the Tracking in Persons Protocol under the United Nations Convention

Against Transnational Organized Crime.

More trackers are being brought to justice every year - globally, the number of people convicted per 100,000 population has nearly tripled since 2003, when the protocol entered into force. Having anti-tracking legislation in place and investing in national capacities and international cooperation strengthens responses. We cannot allow the pandemic recession to reverse this progress or put more women, men and children in dan ger of being tracked. Even as the crisis puts resources under pressure, law en forcement and social protection responses must address tracking risks. Countering tracking eectively also requires tackling related forms of transnational organized crime, as well as cybercrime and corruption. As the Tracking in Persons Protocol highlights, to pre vent tracking governments need to address poverty, underdevelopment and a lack of equal opportunity, and raise awareness. fiat means investing in people - in ed ucation and jobs, as part of systemic solutions pursued in solidarity, with support to developing countries most of all. An inclusive recovery must create opportunities and give hope to young people and the disadvantaged,

5and tackle the structural inequalities that leave women

as well as children and marginalized groups vulnerable to human tracking. Systemic solutions also rely on broad, cross-border part nerships between governments, with the support of inter- national and regional organizations. Civil society and pri vate sector cooperation are also crucial - businesses and tech companies represent essential partners in addressing supply chain integrity to stop tracking for forced la bour and other forms of exploitation, and in countering recruitment and exploitation via the internet. We also need more sharing of information and intel ligence, and more research. Over the past decade, we have seen the number of child victims go up. Victims tracked domestically, without crossing international borders, are being increasingly detected. Tracking pat terns and ows change and shift - possibly now more than ever in a world upended by the pandemic. But the picture is also changing because we understand more,

and see more. Better training of service providers, police and healthcare workers leads to greater detection and en-hanced support. Educating the public raises awareness and fosters a sense of responsibility - as bystanders, con-sumers and concerned citizens, we all have a part to play in preventing and countering human tracking.

With this in mind, I urge governments and all partners to make use of the Global Report on Tracking in Persons

2020 - and of the integrated technical assistance

UNODC provided to 83 countries last year alone through its pro grammes and fleld network - to include protection and tracking prevention as part of pandemic response and recovery eorts, and leave no one behind.

Ghada Waly

Executive Director

United Nations Oce on Drugs and Crime

Acknowledgements

fle Global Report on Traficking in Persons 2020 was prepared by the UNODC Crime Research Section under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Aairs and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.

Core team

Kristiina Kangaspunta, Fabrizio Sarrica, Giulia Serio, Kelly Whelan, Jesper Samson and Candence Wills.

Graphic design, layout and mapping

Suzanne Kunnen, Maria Moser and Lorenz Perszyk.

fie Crime Research Section wishes to thank the Section"s past interns, Meabh Branagan, Martina Cataldo

and Emmanuelle Klassen who made a solid contribution to this edition of the G lobal Report.

Review and comments

fle Global Report on Traficking in Persons 2020 beneted from the expertise and invaluable contributions of the UNODC Crime Research Section colleague Claire Healy, the UNODC colleagues in the Human

Tracking and Migrant Smuggling Section, the Justice Section, the Cybercrime and Anti-Money Laundering

Section and from the many colleagues at various UNODC Field Oces. We are also grateful to the Human Tracking and Migrant Smuggling Section for providing the text box “Female victims of tracking for sexual exploitation as defendants: a c ase law analysis".

Cover drawing and artwork ©

Y asser Rezahi; photo of artwork Lea Sophia Mair. 7

CONTENTS

PREFACE 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9

POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

18

INTRODUCTION

23

CHAPTER I -

Global Overview 29

CHAPTER II - Socio-economic factors and risks of Covid-19 recession 67

CHAPTER III - Children; Easy to target 79

CHAPTER IV - Trafcking for forced labour; the economy of coercion 93 CHAPTER V - Trafckers use of the Internet; digital hunting elds 117

CHAPTER VI - Regional Overviews 131

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE 133

CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE 139

EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 144

SOUTH ASIA 148

EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 151

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 155

SOUTH AMERICA 161

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 165

NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 170

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Victims are targeted when they are

vulnerable and the COVID-19 economic recession will result in more people at risk of trafficking Female victims continue to be particularly aected by tracking in persons. In 2018, for every 10 victims de tected globally, about ve were adult women and two were girls.

About one third of the overall

detected victims were children, both girls (19 per cent) and boys (15 per cent), while

20 per cent were adult men.

Trackers target victims who are marginalized or in dif cult circumstances. Undocumented migrants and peo ple who are in desperate need of employment are also vulnerable, particularly to tracking for forced labour. Criminals tracking children target victims from ex tremely poor households, dysfunctional families or those who are abandoned with no parental care. In low-income countries, children make up half of the victims detected and are mainly tracked for forced labour (46 per cent). In higher income countries, children are tracked main ly for sexual exploitation, forced criminality or begging. As with previous economic crises, the sharp increase in

unemployment rates brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to increase tracking in persons, particularly from countries experiencing the fastest and most persistent drops in employment. Job seekers from these countries are likely to be more willing to take high risks in the hope of improving their opportunities.

e most vulnerable groups, even in wealthy nations, are those suering the most during the Pandemic Recession. Evidence suggests low earners have been hit the hardest by spiking unemployment. As unemployment rates rise, increasing numbers are likely to be tracked from the poorest communities to those parts of the world recov ering faster.

Child trafficking emerges from communities

in extreme poverty Children account for about one third of the detected victims of tracking. Tracking of children, however, disproportionally aects low-income countries, where it is linked to the broader phenomenon of child labour. In Sub-Saharan Africa, children have been tracked to work on plantations, in mines and quarries, on farms, as vendors in markets and on the streets. In South Asia, children as young as 12 have been tracked to work in brick kilns, hotels, the garment industry and in agricul ture. Child tracking for forced labour has also been re ported on South American plantations. FIG. 1 Percentage of cases by pre-existing factors that trafckers have take n advantage of Source: GLOTIP collection of court case summaries, based on 233 court cases out o f a total of 489 collected by UNODC for the purpose of this Report. *Note: The same case may r eport multple factors, therefore percentages may add up to more than 100

Economic need

51%

Immigration status

10%Mental, behavioural or

neurological disorder

10%Child with a

dysfunctional family 20%

Child deprived of

parental care 9%

Limited education or know-

ledge of foreign language 6%

Physical disability

3% PASS

INVALID

Intimate partner as

trafficker 13% 10

GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

In addition to sexual exploitation (72 per cent of girl vic tims) and forced labour (66 per cent of boys), children are exploited for begging and forced criminal activities, such as drug tracking, among other crimes. Trackers in these cases often leverage dicult family backgrounds, trying to create a sense of belonging for the victim. Case summaries and literature show that parents and siblings may also be directly involved in child tracking.

Migration status can be used against victims

Tracking victims who do not have permission to work or stay in the country of exploitation face an extra layer of vulnerability. fie fear of being exposed as an irregular mi grant can be a powerful tool for trackers, who typically threaten to le reports with the authorities and can more easily keep victims under exploitative conditions. Migrants make up a signicant share of the detected vic tims in most global regions: 65 per cent in Western and Southern Europe, 60 per cent in the Middle East, 55 per cent in East Asia and the Pacic, 50 per cent in Central and South-Eastern Europe, and 25 per cent in North America. Even labour migrants who have the right to work can be vulnerable to exploitation. For instance, because they are unaware of their labour rights.

Trafckers exploit victims in a variety of

forms and inltrate the globalized legal economy by exploiting victims in many economic sectorsquotesdbs_dbs42.pdfusesText_42

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