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The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan
for the Malta Water Catchment District2015 - 2021
Sustainable Energy and Water Conservation Unit
Environment and Resources Authority
Contents
1. The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan ........................................................................ 1
1.1 The Water Framework Directive ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 National Strategy for the implementation of the 2nd Water Catchment Management
Plan ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Characterisation of the Water Catchment District of the Maltese Islands .............................. 4
2.1 Establishing the Water Catchment District ............................................................................. 4
2.2 Characterisation of surface waters ......................................................................................... 5
2.3 Characterisation of small waters - Inland surface and transitional waters ............................ 6
2.3.1 Characterisation of transitional waters ............................................................................. 9
2.3.1.1 Hydrological characteristics ......................................................................................... 9
2.3.1.2 Physico-chemical characteristics.................................................................................. 12
2.3.1.3 Trophic Class ................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.1.4 Characterisation of Maltese transitional waters ......................................................... 14
2.3.2 Characterisation of watercourses ..................................................................................... 15
2.3.2.1 Hydrological flows ........................................................................................................ 15
2.3.2.2 Physico-chemical and nutrient characteristics ............................................................ 18
2.3.2.3 Characteristics of Maltese Water Courses ................................................................... 20
2.3.3 Characterisation of pools ................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3.1 Hydrological regime ..................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3.2 Physico-chemical observations .................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.3 Characterisation of freshwater pools .......................................................................... 24
2.4 Characterisation of coastal waters .......................................................................................... 25
2.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.2 Assessment of exposure value and depth ......................................................................... 27
2.4.2.1 Circulation .................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.2.2 Currents ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.4.2.3 Winds and Waves ......................................................................................................... 31
2.4.2.4 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 33
2.4.2.5 Salinity .......................................................................................................................... 35
2.4.2.6 Bathymetry ................................................................................................................... 37
2.4.3 Definition of typologies ..................................................................................................... 37
2.4.3.1 Checking the typology against biological quality elements ......................................... 40
2.5 Characterisation of bodies of groundwater ............................................................................ 41
2.5.1 Geological Baseline ............................................................................................................ 42
2.5.2 Groundwater Bodies - Local Typology .............................................................................. 44
2.5.2.1 Lower Coralline Limestone Aquifer Systems................................................................ 45
2.5.2.2 Conceptual description of the Upper Coralline Limestone aquifer systems ............... 56
3. Pressures and Impacts on our Water .................................................................................... 66
3.1 The spatial location of pressures in the Maltese Water Catchment District and beyond
territorial waters ...................................................................................................................... 66
3.1.1 The geographic location and scale of land based pressures ............................................. 66
3.1.2 The geographic location of marine based pressures ......................................................... 69
3.1.2.1 Transboundary marine pressures ................................................................................ 69
3.1.2.2 Local marine activities and their pressures.................................................................. 71
3.2 Definition of major qualitative pressures and impacts on inland surface, transitional
and coastal waters ................................................................................................................... 71
3.2.1 Defining Emissions, Discharges and Losses ....................................................................... 72
3.2.2 Nutrient enrichment .......................................................................................................... 73
3.2.2.1 Urban Wastewater Outfalls ......................................................................................... 74
3.2.2.2 Aquaculture .................................................................................................................. 75
3.2.2.3 Agricultural sources of nutrients and storm water runoff ........................................... 77
ii3.2.3 Emissions, discharges and losses of chemical contaminants ............................................ 77
3.2.3.1 Water Related Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 78
3.2.3.2 Industrial Point Source Discharges............................................................................... 79
3.2.3.3 Waste Management facilities - Landfills and the Spoil Ground .................................. 80
3.2.3.4 Importation of Hazardous Substances ......................................................................... 81
3.2.3.5 Storm Water ................................................................................................................. 81
3.2.3.6 Agricultural and Use of Plant Protection Products ...................................................... 82
3.2.3.7 Sea based activities ...................................................................................................... 83
3.2.3.8 Transboundary Inputs .................................................................................................. 84
3.3.3 National Inventory of Emissions, Discharges and Losses of Priority, Priority
Hazardous Substances and other substances of concern to the Surface WaterEnvironment ....................................................................................................................... 86
3.3.3.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 86
3.3.3.2 Assessment of the relevance of Priority Substances in surface waters ....................... 87
3.3.3.3 Importation Data for Hazardous Substances ............................................................... 88
3.3.3.4 Permitted Facilities to Data .......................................................................................... 93
3.3.3.5 E-PRTR Load Releases .................................................................................................. 94
3.3.3.6 Assessment of criteria to select relevant substances of concern at Water
Catchment District Level ............................................................................................. 96
3.3.3.7 Conclusion and Data Gaps ........................................................................................... 96
3.4 Hydromorphological alterations to the coastal environment ................................................ 97
3.5 Biological pressures ................................................................................................................. 100
3.5.1 Non indigenous species in inland surface waters.............................................................. 101
3.5.2 Non indigenous species in coastal waters ......................................................................... 102
3.6 Analysis of Anthropogenic Pressures and Impacts on Groundwater Resources .................... 107
3.6.1 Quantitative Pressures on Groundwater ........................................................................... 107
3.6.2 Qualitative Pressures on Groundwater ............................................................................. 119
3.6.3 Summary Information ....................................................................................................... 123
4. Protected Areas ................................................................................................................... 125
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 125
4.2 Areas designated for the protection of habitats and species where the maintenance or
improvement factor in their protection................................................................................... 125
4.2.1 Water Courses of Ecological Significance (areas 05, 07 and 09 in Figure 1.1) .................. 128
4.2.2 Standing Waters of Ecological Significance ....................................................................... 134
4.2.3 Heavily modified Marshlands of ecological significance ................................................... 137
4.2.4 Marine Protected Areas (areas 12-16 in Figure 4.1 above) ............................................... 148
4.3 Bodies of water designated as recreational waters, including areas designated as
bathing waters under the Bathing Water Directive ................................................................. 157
4.4 Nutrient sensitive areas, including areas designated as vulnerable zones under
Directive 91/676/EEC and areas designated as sensitive areas under directive91/271/EEC .............................................................................................................................. 160
4.5 Areas that have been designated under the Nitrates Directive (91/676/ECC) ....................... 165
4.6 Areas designated for the abstraction of water intended for human consumption................ 165
5. WFD Monitoring Networks .................................................................................................. 169
5.1 Evaluation of the Monitoring Programme for inland surface, transitional waters and
related protected waters carried out during the 1st RBM ....................................................... 169
5.1.1 Evaluation of monitoring strategy and resultant programme .......................................... 169
5.2 Inland surface water and transitional water Monitoring Implementation Strategy for
the 2nd RBMP ............................................................................................................................ 174
5.2.1 Ecological Status Monitoring Programme and Implementation Strategy ......................... 175
5.2.1.1 Transitional Waters ...................................................................................................... 175
5.2.1.1.1 Biological Quality Elements .................................................................................... 175
5.2.1.1.2 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Physico-Chemical Quality elements in
Transitional Waters during each year of the second WCMP Cycle ........................ 180 iii5.2.1.1.3 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Hydromorphological Quality
elements in Transitional Waters during the first year ........................................... 184
5.2.1.2.1 Biological Quality Elements .................................................................................... 185
5.2.1.2.2 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Physico-Chemical Quality elements in
Water Courses ........................................................................................................ 191
5.2.1.2.3 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Hydromorphological Quality
Elements in Water Courses .................................................................................... 193
5.2.1.3 Standing Waters - Pools .............................................................................................. 195
5.2.1.3.1 Biological Quality Elements .................................................................................... 195
5.2.1.3.2 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Physico-Chemical Quality elements in
pools during each year of the second WCMP cycle ............................................... 1995.2.1.3.3 Supporting Monitoring Programme for Hydromorphological Quality
elements in freshwater pools ................................................................................ 199
5.2.2 Chemical Water Quality Monitoring Programme and implementation strategy for
inland surface and transitional waters ............................................................................. 200
5.2.2.1 Water Quality monitoring ............................................................................................ 200
5.2.2.2 Sediment Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................... 203
5.3 Evaluation of the Monitoring Programme for coastal waters and related marine
protected waters carried out during the 1st RBPM ............................................................... 206
5.3.1 Evaluation of monitoring strategy and resultant programme .......................................... 206
5.3.2 Monitoring of priority substances and other chemicals of nationals concern during
the first WCMP cycle ........................................................................................................... 209
5.4 Coastal Water Monitoring Network Implementation strategy for the 2nd WCMP ................. 211
5.4.1 Ecological quality monitoring ............................................................................................ 212
5.4.1.1 Monitoring programme for benthic habitats............................................................... 212
5.4.1.1.1 Monitoring parameters for benthic habitats and applicable monitoring
methodologies ....................................................................................................... 212
5.4.1.1.2 Monitoring network ............................................................................................... 215
5.4.1.2 Monitoring programme for Phytoplankton ................................................................. 217
5.4.1.2.1 Monitoring parameters for phytoplankton and the applicable monitoring
methodologies ....................................................................................................... 218
5.4.1.2.2 Monitoring network for phytoplankton ................................................................. 220
5.4.1.2.3 Monitoring Frequency ............................................................................................ 222
5.4.1.3 Monitoring programme for physico-chemical parameters ......................................... 223
5.4.1.3.1 Monitoring parameters for supporting physico-chemical parameters and
applicable monitoring methodologies ................................................................... 223
5.4.1.3.2 Monitoring network for supporting physico-chemical parameters in coastal
waters..................................................................................................................... 224
5.4.1.3.3 Monitoring Frequencies ......................................................................................... 227
5.4.1.4 Monitoring programme for Hydromorphological Characteristics ............................... 227
5.4.1.4.1 Monitoring Parameters and Methodologies .......................................................... 227
5.4.1.4.2 Monitoring network for supporting Hydromorphological parameters in
coastal waters Hydrographical and Physico-chemical parameters ....................... 2295.4.1.4.3 Monitoring frequency ............................................................................................ 231
5.4.2 Chemical quality monitoring in coastal waters ................................................................. 232
5.4.2.1 Contaminant monitoring in water, sediments and biota ............................................ 232
5.4.2.1.1 Monitoring parameters and methodology ............................................................. 232
5.4.2.1.2 Monitoring methodologies ..................................................................................... 240
5.4.2.1.3 Monitoring Network for contaminants in all coastal water matrices .................... 242
5.4.2.1.4 Monitoring parameters and methodology ............................................................. 249
5.5 Groundwater Monitoring Networks ....................................................................................... 249
5.5.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 249
5.5.2 Quantitative Monitoring .................................................................................................... 251
5.5.3 Qualitative Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 255
iv5.5.4 Groundwater Threshold Values ......................................................................................... 257
5.5.5 Protected Area Monitoring................................................................................................ 261
5.5.6 Hydrological Monitoring .................................................................................................... 261
6. Assessment of Water Status................................................................................................. 263
6.1 Assessment of Good Water Status .......................................................................................... 263
6.2 Determining the Conservation status and water related requirements of inland and
transitional waters ................................................................................................................... 263
6.2.1 Determining the water quality status of inland surface and transitional waters
based on ecological indicators as defined by the WFD ........................................................... 272
6.2.1.1 Transitional Waters ...................................................................................................... 273
6.2.1.1.1 Status assessment of other BQEs ........................................................................... 275
6.2.1.1.2 Status assessment on supporting elements ........................................................... 275
6.2.1.2 Water Courses .............................................................................................................. 276
6.2.1.2.1 Physico-chemical and Hydromorphological observations .................................... 278
6.2.1.3 Standing Waters ........................................................................................................... 279
6.2.1.3.1 Physico-chemical observations .............................................................................. 280
6.2.2 Chemical status of inland surface and transitional waters ............................................... 280
6.3 Ecological status of Coastal Waters ........................................................................................ 282
6.3.1 Reference sites and reference conditions for different Biological Quality in the
Maltese Islands ................................................................................................................... 282
6.3.1.1 National reference conditions and reference sites for Posidonia oceanica ................ 282
6.3.1.2 National reference conditions and reference sites for Microalgae ............................. 283
6.3.2 Intercalibration .................................................................................................................. 285
6.3.2.1 Problematic BQEs that cannot be intercalibrated at this stage ................................... 285
6.3.2.2 Successful BQE intercalibration ................................................................................... 286
6.3.2.3 Future Requirements ................................................................................................... 287
6.3.3 Establishing nutrient boundaries in coastal and marine waters ....................................... 287
6.3.4 Current status of the biological quality elements of the Natural Coastal Water
Bodies .................................................................................................................................. 288
6.3.5 Heavily Modified Water bodies and the definition of Good Ecological Potential ............. 289
6.3.5.1 Designation of heavily modified water bodies in the Maltese Islands ........................ 290
6.3.5.2 Definition of Good Ecological Potential ....................................................................... 291
6.3.5.3 Current status of Biological Quality elements in heavily modified water bodies ........ 293
6.4 Chemical status of coastal waters ........................................................................................... 293
6.4.1 Chemical status in the water column ................................................................................ 293
6.4.1.1 Mercury ........................................................................................................................ 294
6.4.1.2 Lead .............................................................................................................................. 294
6.4.1.3 Nickel ............................................................................................................................ 294
6.4.1.4 Organic pollutants ........................................................................................................ 296
6.4.2 Chemical status in sediments ............................................................................................ 296
6.4.2.1 Comparison of trace metals i n water and sediment ................................................... 298
6.4.2.2 Comparison of organic pollutants in water and sediment .......................................... 298
6.4.3 Chemical status in biota .................................................................................................... 298
6.4.4 Change i status due to EQS Directive updates .................................................................. 299
6.4.5 Overall Chemical Status of Coastal Water Bodies in the Maltese Water Catchment
district ................................................................................................................................. 304
6.5.1 Assessment of Groundwater Quantitative Status ............................................................. 308
6.5.2 Assessment of Groundwater Qualitative Status ............................................................... 317
6.5.3 Tend Assessment ............................................................................................................... 320
7. Review of the Programme of Measures (2009-2015) .................................................................. 326
7.1 Assessment of measures included in Malta's first Water Catchment Management Plan ...... 326
7.1.1 Basic Measures emanating from other EU Directives ....................................................... 326
7.1.2 Basic Measures to protect the Coastal Water environment which stem from the
WFD ..................................................................................................................................... 328
v7.1.3 Supplementary Measures related to the Coastal Water Environment ............................. 331
7.1.4 Supplementary Measures directly to the inland surface water environment .................. 337
7.1.5 Financing of coastal water and inland surface water measures under the first
WCMP ................................................................................................................................. 338
7.2 Review of Measures addressing the optimisation of the management of Water
Resources ................................................................................................................................. 339
7.2.1 Basic Measures .................................................................................................................. 339
7.2.2 Supplementary Measures .................................................................................................. 340
8. Establishment of the Environmental Objectives .................................................................... 345
8.1 The Environment objectives of the WFD and exemptions to achieving those objectives ...... 345
8.2 Assessment of the achievement of the environmental objectives for inland surface,
transitional water bodies ......................................................................................................... 345
8.3 Assessment of the need of exemptions and alternative objectives for inland surface
and transitional waters ............................................................................................................ 346
8.4 Assessment of the need for exemptions and alternative objectives for groundwater
dependent water courses ........................................................................................................ 353
8.4.1 Ecological status and potential .......................................................................................... 353
8.4.2 Chemical Status ................................................................................................................. 353
8.5 Assessment of the progress made toward the achievement of the environmental
objectives for coastal water bodies ......................................................................................... 353
8.5.1 Coastal Water Body MTC 106 (ix-ygŜajra) ........................................................................ 354
8.5.2 Heavily modified Water Body MTC 105 il-Port il-Kbir and il-Port ta' Marsamdžett and
MTC 107 il-Port ta' Marsadžlokk........................................................................................... 355
8.5.3 New water bodies which have not achieved good chemical status .................................. 356
8.6 Assessment of the need for exemptions of coastal waters .................................................... 356
8.6.1 Reasons for applying exemption 4.4 in the case of mercury in all coastal water
bodies .................................................................................................................................. 357
ecological potential for Heavy Modified Water Body MTC 105 ......................................... 358
8.6.2.1 Cultural heritage .......................................................................................................... 358
8.6.2.2 Recent Developments .................................................................................................. 358
8.6.2.3 Economic activities ....................................................................................................... 359
8.6.2.4 Economic justification for cost disproportionality ....................................................... 361
status in water bodies MTC 104, MTC 105 and MTC 106 ................................................... 361
8.7 Establishing Environmental Objectives for bodies of groundwater ....................................... 361
8.7.1 Quantitative Status ............................................................................................................ 361
8.7.2 Qualitative Status .............................................................................................................. 365
8.73 Overall Status ...................................................................................................................... 367
9. Measures required to improve and protect our waters ......................................................... 370
9.1 Identifying which measures are required for surface waters ................................................. 370
9.1.1 Coastal water significant management Issues .................................................................. 370
9.1.2 Inland surface and transitional waters of ecological significance- significant water
issues ................................................................................................................................... 372
9.2 Basic Measures ........................................................................................................................ 373
9.2.1 Basic measures emanating from other directives ............................................................. 373
9.2.2 Basic measures to protect the Surface Water Environment which stem from the
WFD ..................................................................................................................................... 387
9.2.3 Supplementary Measures related to Surface Waters ....................................................... 392
9.2.3.1 Measures to refine existing regulatory controls within the Environment and
resources authority ..................................................................................................... 393
9.2.3.2 Data Management Measures....................................................................................... 403
9.2.3.3 Measures dealing with enhancing the knowledge base .............................................. 404
9.2.3.4 Measures related to improving Marine and Terrestrial contingency response .......... 410
vi9.3.2.5 Communications and Awareness rising ....................................................................... 413
9.2.4 Summary of basic supplementary surface water measures implementation timeline .... 416
9.3 Identifying which measures are required to address the efficient use of water
resources in the Malta Water Catchment District and thus contribute to theachieǀement of the WFD's good status objectiǀes for natural inland water resources .......... 417
9.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 417
9.3.2 Programme of Measures ................................................................................................... 420
9.3.2.1 Administrative instruments ......................................................................................... 421
9.3.2.2 Codes of good practice................................................................................................. 423
9.3.2.3 Demand management measures ................................................................................. 425
9.3.2.4 Efficiency and reuse measures ..................................................................................... 429
9.3.2.5 Desalination Plants ....................................................................................................... 429
9.3.2.6 Artificial recharge aquifers ........................................................................................... 431
9.3.2.7 Educational Projects ..................................................................................................... 432
9.3.2.8 Research, development and demonstration projects ................................................. 434
9.3.2.9 Other supplementary measures related to water resources management ................ 437
9.3.3 Summary Table .................................................................................................................. 456
10. Economic Analysis of Water Use ......................................................................................... 460
10.1 The dependency of market and non market activities on the coastal and marine
environment ............................................................................................................................. 460
10.1.1 Marketed Activities: Economic Sector dependency on coastal waters .......................... 460
10.1.2 Non-market Activities: Other dependencies on the coastal and marine
environment ..................................................................................................................... 466
10.2 Assessing the costs of impacts on coastal and marine waters cause by economic and
non-market activities ............................................................................................................. 468
10.2.1 Method ............................................................................................................................ 468
10.2.2 Results ............................................................................................................................. 469
10.2.2.1 From environmental impacts to the marine-dependent economic sectors:
Scenario 1 .................................................................................................................... 469
10.2.2.2 From environmental impacts to the marine-dependent economic sectors:
Scenario 2 ................................................................................................................... 470
10.2.2.3 From the marine-dependent economic sectors to the environmental impacts:
Scenario 1 ................................................................................................................... 471
10.2.2.4 From the marine-dependent economic sectors to the environmental impacts:
Scenario 2 .................................................................................................................... 472
10.2.2.5 From the marine-dependent economic sectors to the environmental impacts:
Scenario 3 ................................................................................................................... 473
10.3 Economic Characterisation of Groundwater Use .................................................................. 473
10.3.1 Water Services, Prices and Cost Recovery Levels ............................................................ 474
10.3.2 Cost Recovery Levels for Water Services ......................................................................... 478
10.3.3 Financial Cost recovery of Private Groundwater Abstraction ......................................... 481
10.3.4 The Economic Impact of Groundwater ........................................................................... 484
11. Cost of the Programme of Measures .................................................................................. 487
11.1 The cost of protecting and improving our surface water status ........................................... 487
11.1.1 Costs for Basic Measures stemming from other Directives ............................................ 488
11.1.2 Costs for basic measures stemming from the Water Framework Directive ................... 489
11.1.3 Costs of implementing supplementary measures ........................................................... 491
11.1.4 Summary of total costs .................................................................................................... 498
11.2 Cost-effectiveness assessment of surface water measures .................................................. 500
11.2.1 Method ............................................................................................................................ 500
11.2.2 Conclusion and cost effectiveness ................................................................................... 512
11.3 The cost of Optimising Water Use in order to Project Groundwater Resources .................. 512
11.4 Cost-Effectiveness analysis of the Water-Use Optimisation Measures ................................ 519
12. Climate Checking our Plan .................................................................................................. 523
vii12.1 Background............................................................................................................................ 523
12.2 Climate Checking in the Maltese Islands ............................................................................... 523
12.3 Climate Change impacts of relevance to surface .................................................................. 525
12.4 Climate Change impacts relevance to the management of water resources ....................... 526
12.4.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 526
12.4.2 Climate Change effects on water resource management pressures .............................. 527
12.4.3 Analysis of climate change effects pressures .................................................................. 527
12.5 Climate Checking the Measures ............................................................................................ 528
13. Public Consultation Process................................................................................................ 534
13.1 Consultation process in relation to surface waters management issues ............................. 535
13.1.1 Consultation of characterisation of waters and economic importance .......................... 535
13.1.2 Consultation on Inland surface waters and transitional waters ..................................... 537
13.2 Consultation process in relation to groundwater management issues ................................ 538
13.3 Conclusion of the Consultation Process ................................................................................ 546
14. Implementation of the 2nd WCMP ...................................................................................... 547
14.1 Inter-Ministerial Committee on Water ................................................................................. 547
14.2 Stakeholder Water Tables ..................................................................................................... 548
Annex I ................................................................................................................................... 549
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 549
2. Water Scarcity and Droughts ................................................................................................... 549
3. Flood Risk Management Plans .................................................................................................. 554
3.1 Floods in the context of the Malta Water Catchment District ............................................. 554
3.2 Identification of areas prone to flooding .............................................................................. 554
3.3 Development of Flood Risk and Flood Hazard Maps ............................................................ 555
3.4 Establishment of Flood Management Objectives................................................................. 556
3.5 Flood Management Measures .............................................................................................. 556
3.6 Implementation of the Flood Risk Management Plan .......................................................... 557
3.7 Public Consultation Initiatives .............................................................................................. 557
3.8 National Competencies ........................................................................................................ 557
Annex II .................................................................................................................................. 559
Annex III ................................................................................................................................. 567
viiiList of Figures
2.1 The Water Catchment District of the Maltese Islands 4
2.2 Ecoregion map for a) transitional and coastal waters; b) rivers and lakes (Annex XI Map
B 2000/60 EC) 5
2.3 The Hierarchical approach to the identification of typologies and water bodies
(Adapted from CIS Guidance Document no.5) 62.4 Examples of inland surface waters and transitional waters in the Maltese Islands 7
2.5 Small freshwaters in the Maltese Island indicated by the red lines. The thin blue lines
refer to the dry river valley systems considered to be of ecological significance in the Maltese Islands. BaŜrija ǀalley, Wied il-Luq and Wied il-Lunzjata (Gozo) are categorised as water courses. Il Qattara and l-GŜadira ta' Saffarlu (both located in Gozo) are freshwater pools 82.6 Transitional waters in the Maltese Islands were indicated by the red lines. The thin
blue lines refer to the dry river valley systems considered to be of ecologicalquotesdbs_dbs31.pdfusesText_37
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