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This report may be reproduced in whole or in part without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made and the reproduction is not sold. The report should be referenced as MOE/UNDP/ECODIT, 2011. Unless otherwise stated, all photos are courtesy of ECODIT.

Design and layout by Zéna Khairallah

Printed and bound in Lebanon by Wide Expertise Group

Disclaimer

The ndings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Ministry of Environment or the United Nations Development

Programme. ECODIT does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. The

boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on maps and images in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of ECODIT concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The Ministry of Environment, the United Nations

Development Program and ECODIT assume no responsibility of any kind for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report.

Preface

Welcome to the third edition of the State of the Environment report in Lebanon, with a slightly revised title "State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment" in line with global calls to not only understand the current situation but also assess current trends and future environmental change. Funded by the Lebanese Government/Ministry of Environment (MOE) in coordination with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), this edition follows two earlier versions, the ?rst issued in

1995/1996 with funding from the Mediterranean Technical Assistance Programme through the World

Bank and the second in 2001/2002 with funding from the Lebanese Government in coordination with UNDP. This SOER is part of the Program of Work of the MOE for the years 2010-2012, prepared in line with the Ministerial Declaration of the Government of Development and Improvement. Together with other studies and reports, such as the World Bank funded Country Environmental Analysis and the Cost of Environmental Degradation, they aim at strengthening the Ministry with the tools needed to analytically diagnose the state of the environment in Lebanon, and accordingly better formulate policies, plans and programs towards environmental mainstreaming. Composed of a total of ten chapters grouped into four sections, the report unfolds with a brief introduction followed by a chapter on Environmental Governance (Section I). Then proceeds Section

II on "State of the Environment" covering the four environmental media: Water Resources, Air Quality,

Biodiversity and Forests, and Land Resources. "Environmental Priorities" are then discussed in Section

III, with a focus on: Haphazard Urbanization, Solid Waste and Energy Crisis. The report ?nally concludes

with an outlook titled "The Future Today" where two scenarios are compared: Market First (or Business

as Usual) and Sustainability First. Prepared by ECODIT under the technical supervision of both the MOE and UNDP, this report bene?ted

from the contribution of many experts, as listed in the various chapters. The review involved a number

of professionals from both the public and the private sectors, in line with the participatory approach

adopted by the current Government, and highlighted in the title of the Program of Work of the MOE for the years 2010-2012. To all readers, professionals and businessmen, students and researchers, academicians and reporters, politicians and decision-makers, and environmentalists at large, happy reading from the Ministry

of Environment team... and remember your opinion matters; so please send your feedback to

soer@moe.gov.lb.

Mohammad Naji Rahal

Minister of Environment

June 2011

Foreword

This is the third "State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment" report that has been published to date and the second that UNDP is proud to have collaborated on with the Lebanese Ministry of Environment. This edition not only provides an overview of the current condition of natural resources and environmental management in the country, but also gives an analysis of past and future developments across multiple di?erent sectors. The overall impression left by the report is alarming; although there has been commendable progress in many areas over the last decade, trends do not indicate a sustainable future for Lebanon without strong political will to further integrate

environmental considerations across all sectors. It is crucial for politicians, policy makers, decision-

makers at both the national and local levels, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and citizens alike to

be aware of the necessity to change our development approach to one that will safeguard Lebanon's future generations.

Robert Watkins

UNDP Resident Representative

June 2011

Acknowledgment

The State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment (SOER) is the coordinated product of countless hours

of interviews and research, editing, reviewing, reediting, proofreading, translation, and text layout. At

ECODIT, the SOER team was comprised of nine specialists who bring a wealth of competencies and knowledge in the ?elds of environmental management and policy, urban planning, construction, air

quality, biodiversity, agricultural sciences, hydrogeology and karst, solid waste, energy, and water.

Lead and contributing authors are listed at the beginning of each chapter.

During the preparation of the 2010 SOER, ECODIT consulted with and sought information and

interpretations from 77 individuals from various organizations and government agencies. The

Ministry of Environment, UNDP and ECODIT then identi?ed and mobilized 34 reviewers including ministry sta?, UNDP sta? and projects, as well as outside peer reviewers. These reviewers provided

invaluable input to the overall report and precision to relevant sections of the report. Their input

helped signi?cantly augment the quality of the ?nal product. The names of all reviewers and

contributors are listed alphabetically at the beginning of each chapter. ECODIT expressly acknowledges the unwavering support of Manal Moussallem, Senior Environment

Advisor at UNDP-MOE, for her guidance and tireless commitment to the SOER process and to

facilitating the compilation of the 2010 SOER by the ECODIT team.

Karim El-Jisr

2010 SOER Team Leader

Director of ECODIT Liban SARL

Contents

SECTION I Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1

Background

1.2

Methodology

1.3

Population Data

1.4

Lebanon's Administrative Regions

1.5

Reader's Guide

Chapter 2 Environmental Governance

2.1

Environmental Institutions

2.2

Environmental Laws and Regulations

2.3

Environmental Research and Development

2.4

Access to Environmental Information and Data

2.5

Access to Environmental Funding

2.6

Advocacy and Public Participation

2.7 Understanding and Promoting Environmental Governance -the Puzzle

SECTION II State of the Environment

Chapter 3 Water Resources

3.1

Driving Forces

3.2

Current Situation

3.3

Policy Setting and Institutional Arrangements

3.4

Selected Responses to Water Issues

3.5

Emerging Issues and Outlook

Chapter 4 Air Quality

4.1

Driving Forces

4.2

Current Situation

4.3

Key Actors, Laws and Regulations

4.4

Selected Responses to Air Quality Issues

4.5

Emerging Issues and Outlook

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Forests

5.1

An Ecological Overview of Lebanon

5.2

Driving Forces

5.3

Biodiversity State and Trends

5.4

Key Actors, Laws and Regulations

5.5 Selected Responses to Biodiversity and Forest Issues 5.6

Emerging Issues and Outlook

Chapter 6 Land Resources

6.1

Driving Forces

6.2

Current Situation

6.3

Key Actors, Laws and Regulations

6.4

Selected Responses to Land Issues

6.5

Emerging Issues and Policy Outlook

5 5 6 7 7 19 23
26
28
29
30
32
53
57
69
74
78
101
110
122
128
129
145
150
154
159
165
170
187
190
201
207
210

SECTION III Environmental Priorities

Chapter 7 Haphazard Urbanization

7.1

Driving Forces

7.2

Current Situation

7.3

Policy Outlook and the Way Forward

Chapter 8 Solid Waste

8.1 Driving Forces

8.2

Current Situation

8.3

Policy Outlook and the Way Forward

Chapter 9 Energy Crisis

9.1

Driving Forces

9.2

Current Situation

9.3

Policy Outlook and the Way Forward

SECTION IV The Outlook - Towards 2020

Chapter 10 The Future Today

10.1

About the Scenarios

10.2

Market First - Scenario Narrative

10.3

Sustainability First - Scenario Narrative

237
240
256
269
271
288
305
311
327
345
347
350

Section I: Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 2

Environmental Governance

Chapter 1: Introduction

3

Introduction

Chapter Reviewers

, Chief, Service of Planning & Programming (MOE) Programme Analyst/ O?cer in Charge, Energy & Environment Programme (UNDP) State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment | 2010 4

TABLE O F CONTENTS

1.1 Backgr ound

1.2 Methodology

1.3 Population Data

1.4 L ebanon's A dministr ative Regions

1.5 Reader's Guide

References

Map 1 A dministr ative Regions Anne x 1 Environmental Indicators Used in the 2010 S O ER

LIS T OF T AB LES

Table 1.1 Lebanon"s resident population in 2007 Table 1.2 Crosswalk between the 2001 SOER and 2010 SOER

LIS T OF BO XES

Box 1.1 How do Arab people perceive the state of environment? Box 1.2 Country Environmental Analysis - Lebanon

Chapter 1: Introduction

5

With funding from the Lebanese Ministry

of Environment (MOE), the United Nations

Development Program (UNDP) contracted

ECODIT, a Lebanese environmental consulting

and management ?rm, to prepare the 2010

State of the Environment Report (SOER). Two

versions of the SOER were prepared previously; in 1995, with grant funding from the World Bank / METAP, and in 2001 with MOE funding and in coordination with the Lebanese Environment and Development Observatory project 1 . The report seeks to provide a comprehensive, reliable and scienti?cally credible, policy- relevant, up-to-date assessment of, and outlook for, the state of the Lebanese environment. See

Box 1.1 on how the Arab people perceive the state

of the environment.

Environmental reporting supports

environmental management. While such assessments were practiced in one form or another long before the 1970s, it was at the United

Nations Conference on the Human Environment

(Stockholm, 1972) that environmental assessment entered the formal glossary of environmental stakeholders. Environmental assessments are today conducted by many stakeholders to meet disparate objectives as numerous as the stakeholders themselves.

There are dierent types of environmental

assessment including State of the Environment (SOE), Integrated Environmental Assessment and Reporting (IEA), Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA), Strategic Environmental

Assessment (SEA), and Corporate Environmental

Assessment and Reporting. Common to these

is the need for policy responses for eective environmental management and/or sustainable utilization of natural resources. Whereas State of the Environment reporting remains the most common type of reporting, SOERs have evolved in the last two decades, concomitantly with advances in global and regional environmental reporting. For example, UNEP has been compiling and publishing the Global

The Arab Forum for Environment and Development

conducted in 2006 a public survey on environmental trends in the Arab World. According to the survey,

71% of the respondents in Lebanon said that

the state of the environment in their country had deteriorated during the past ten years, and

53% of them attributed this to insu?cient public

expenditure on the environment (AFED, 2006). The World Bank prepared a Country Environmental Analysis for Lebanon, concomitantly with the preparation of the Lebanon 2010 SOER. The two reports have dierent objectives but cover many common issues, including the state of solid waste and wastewater management. The CEA is a tool to determine the gap between the cost of mitigation (demand for funds) and government ?nancing (supply of funds) and a platform for recommending policy reforms in priority sectors including institutional. Source: World Bank CEA, draft Version 9, December 2010

Environment Outlook (a.k.a., GEO) leaning

on the resources and expertise of hundreds of authors, contributors, reviewers and collaborating centers from around the world.

Separately, the World Bank has been preparing

so called Country Environmental Analysis reports to evaluate the state of key environment sectors and funding needs (see Box 1.2 on Lebanon's draft CEA report).

Whereas SOER tends to provide an assessment

that is predominantly static and unidirectional,

Integrated Environmental Assessment

approaches environmental reporting more holistically. IEA reporting integrates social, economic and environmental issues in the analyses, to support sustainable development needs around the world. IEA reporting acknowledges human-environment interactions and the impacts they have on each other over time. It incorporates environmental assessment into the whole process of environmental policy planning, pulling together the impact of policies from dierent sectors over time and the existing opportunities to promote sustainable livelihoods and options. Finally, it provides a baseline inventory of available resources which can be used to formulate sustainable development policies. IEA reporting encourages all stakeholders to ask whether enough is being done to conserve natural resources, promote sustainable development practices, reduce poverty, and improve the state of the environment.

The MOE, UNDP and ECODIT worked hand in

hand to prepare this report (July 2010 - June

2011). Under its contract with MOE/UNDP,

ECODIT conducted the following tasks:

1) R eviewed published milestone reports and studies 2) D eveloped tentative SOER structure 3) C ollected and reviewed other reports and databases 4) A nalyzed the feasibility of integrating environmental indicators into SOE reporting 1

LEDO was hosted

at MOE, managed by UNDP, and implemented with

EU funding (1999-

2001)
State and Trends of the Lebanese Environment | 2010 6

5) Pr epared the draft SOER in consultation

with MOE and UNDP 6) R evised and edited the draft SOER based on comments received from MOE and UNDP 7) P roduced the ?nal SOER in English 8) T ranslated the report into French and

Arabic

9) F ormatted and designed the SOER report in all three languages 10) P repared concise and user-friendly presentations (three languages) 11)

Submitt

ed the FINAL SOER and PowerPoint

Presentations (three languages)

The SOER team included the following nine

subject-matter specialists: 1) K arim El-Jisr, SOER Project Director 2) Z uhier El-Hassan, Water Expert 3) Cquotesdbs_dbs22.pdfusesText_28

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