ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes
Carbonyl compounds are of utmost importance to organic chemistry. They are constituents of fabrics flavourings
Organic chemistry – sOme Basic PrinciPles and Techniques
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 9 and later in class XII. 8.8 methOds OF PuriFicatiOn OF. Organic cOmPOunds. Once an organic compound is extracted.
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry
Draw all possible structures having the formulas. C4H10 C5H12
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids
Page 12. 238. Chemistry the nucleophilic attack of ethylene glycol. Acetals Chemistry. Example 8.4 An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms ...
Biomolecules
Page 12. 292. Chemistry. Amino acids are usually colourless crystalline solids They are generally named after the compound or class of compounds upon which ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation
Grade 12. Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene
HYDROCARBONS
of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12. Nomenclature and isomerism in alkanes can further be understood with the help of a few more examples
CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry
Chapter 1 Alkanes. 15. 29. Table 1.2 Classes and functional groups of organic compounds. Class. Functional Group. Example of expanded structural formula.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. formulas are some of the specific types. The ... Unit 13 and later in class XII.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI –XII)
and molecular formula; chemical reactions stoichiometry and calculations based on Unit XII: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques.
Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation
Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes
most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11
HYDROCARBONS
Unit 12. On the other hand if carbon atoms formula of different alkanes we find that the ... of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12.
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids
most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11
CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.
Chapter 8 - Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds
become more familiar the language of organic chemistry it is often most Next we consider a class of hydrocarbons with molecular formulas like those of.
NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University of Sydney
12 (i) General Naming Scheme 12 A Choosing the Principal Chain 13 B Naming the Principal Chain 13 C Numbering the Principal Chain 13 (ii) Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 A Ethers and Thioethers 14 B Alcohols and Thiols 14 C Acids Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 D Esters 17 E Acid Halides 18
Organic Chem : Introduction to Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry #1 12 Functional Groups: compounds containing a C=O Group Type of compound General formula Functional group Hybridization Example Aldehyde CH O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 H O Ketone CR O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CCH 3 O O Ccarboxylic acid COH O R-COOH carboxyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CH 2CH 2COH O Ester COR O R-COOR C sp2 O sp2
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes - Angelo State University
• Complex organic compounds can perform a number of useful biological functions(vitamins carbohydrates lipids proteins enzymes ATP DNA RNA are all organic compounds) which are studied in biochemistry • Complex organic compounds are present in the foods we eat (carbohydrates proteins fats etc )
An Introduction to Organic Chemistry - University of Manchester
Within the aliphatic class there are both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons The Alkanes A homologous series of saturated compounds with general molecular formula C nH 2n+2 (where n is an integer) methane CH 4 ethane C 2H 6 propane C 3H 8 butane C 4H 10 pentane C 5H 12 hexane C 6H 14 heptane C 7H 16 octane C 8H 18 nonane C 9H 20
Searches related to organic chemistry formulas for class 12 pdf filetype:pdf
Name the following organic compounds a CH3CH2CHCH2Cl CH3 b CH3C CH3 CH3 CHCH2Br CH3 c Br d CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 Cl e CH3CCH2CH3 CH3 OH f CH3CH2C Br CHCH3 g CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 h H2N C O CH2CH3 12 Each of the following formulas can be written as two compounds with different functional groups Write the structural formulas name the compounds
How many classes of organic compounds are there?
- Numbering the Principal Chain 13 Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 Ethers and Thioethers 14 Alcohols and Thiols 14 Acids, Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 Esters 17 Acid Halides 18 Amides 18 Nitriles 19 Aldehydes 19 5. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 23 General Notes 23 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 23 Substituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons 24 1
What is your in organic chemistry?
- In all functional groups listed above, R = any chain of carbon atoms, or sometimes, an H atom, if H does not result in a different functional group. Organic Chemistry #1 13 • Practice: identify the functional groups in the molecules below, and assign hybridizations to all the atoms. O O OH O CH3 CH3 H3C CO
What are the principles of organic chemistry?
- One of the most important principles in organic chemistry is the understanding of how reactions happen at a molecular level. This is termed the reaction mechanism. Mechanisms are represented by "pushing electrons" between and/or around molecules.
How do you calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound?
- 0.152 g of an organic compound X containing only C, H and O produces: 0.223 g of CO2 0.091 g of H2O upon total combustion. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound X. Mass % are used to calculate mole % which yield the empirical formula or simplest ratio of the elements present. This gives the ratio 1:2:1 and the empirical formula CH2O.
Chapter 1 Alkanes
1Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux
Angelo State University
CHEM 2353 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Organic and Biochemistry for Today (Seager & Slabaugh) www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudreaChapter Objectives:
•Learn the differences between organic and inorganic compounds. •Learn how to identify isomers of organic compounds. •Learn how to write condensed, expanded, and line structures for organic compounds. •Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. •Learn the IUPAC system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. •Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes.Chapter 1
Organic Compounds:
Alkanes
2Organic chemistry nowadaysalmost drives me mad. Tome it appears like a primevaltropical forest full of themost remarkable things, adreadful endless jungle intowhich one does not dareenter, for there seems tobe no way out.
Chapter 1 Alkanes
2 3 4What Do We Mean By "Organic"?
• In everyday usage, the word organiccan be found in several different contexts:- chemicals extracted from plants and animals were originally called "organic" because they came from living organisms.
- organic fertilizers are obtained from living organisms. - organic foods are foods grown without the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilizers.• In chemistry, the words "organic" and "organic chemistry" are defined a little more precisely:
Chapter 1 Alkanes
3 5What is Organic Chemistry?
•Organic chemistryis concerned with the study of the structure and properties of compounds containing carbon.
- All organic compounds contain carbon atoms. - Inorganic compounds contain no carbons. Most inorganic compounds are ionic compounds.• Some carbon compounds are not considered to be organic (mostly for historical reasons), such as CO, CO
2 , diamond, graphite, and salts of carbon-containing polyatomic ions (e.g., CO 32-, CN •Inorganic chemistry is the study of the other elements and non-carbon containing compounds. 6
The Periodic Table
• There are 92 naturally occurring elements, and many artificial ones, in the (in)famous Periodic Table:
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At RnCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu
ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr
NaMgAlSiPSClAr
LiBeBCNOFNe
HHeFrRaAcRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCn
I A II AIII B IV B V B VI B VII B
III BI B II BIII A IV A V A VI A VII A
VIII A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Lanthanides
Actinides
FlLvChapter 1 Alkanes
4 7The Periodic Table of Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemists look at the Periodic Table a little differently:CrMnFe CoNiCuBr
Pd I PtMgAlPSClB
NOFH C 8Origins of Organic Chemistry
• Organic literally means "derived from living organisms" - organic chemistry was originally the study of compounds extracted from living organisms and their natural products.
• It was believed that only living organisms possessed the "vital force" necessary to create organic compounds ("vitalism").
NH 4+OCNHeat
Ammonium
Cyanate UreaC
O NN HH HHChapter 1 Alkanes
5 9Origins of Organic Chemistry
• What this and later experiments showed was that "organic" molecules - even those made by living organisms - can be handled and synthesized just like minerals and metals
• What was special about these molecules was that they contained the element carbon. 10What's So Great About Carbon?
• Carbons atoms can be linked by strong, stable covalent bonds. C neutral carbon, C C carbon cation, C 4+ C carbide anion, C 4- CHH HH CH H HHChapter 1 Alkanes
6 11What's So Great About Carbon?
• Carbon atoms can form stable bonds to many other elements(H, F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S, P, etc.). Most organic compounds contain a few hydrogens, and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.
• Carbon atoms can form complex structures, such as long chains, branched chains, rings, chiralcompounds (having a particular "handedness"), complex 3D shapes, etc.
• Because of this variety in bonding and complexity, carbon atoms can form a tremendous variety of compounds. More than 16,000,000 organic compounds are known, as opposed to about 600,000 inorganic compounds.
12What's So Great About Carbon?
• Complex organic compounds can perform a number of useful biological functions(vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, ATP, DNA, RNA are all organic compounds) which are studied in biochemistry.
• Complex organic compounds are present in the foodswe eat (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc.)
•Most medicines, whether they come from a chemical plant or a green plant, are organic compounds.
•Most fuelsare organic compounds (wood, coal, natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, oil, and other petroleum-based products).
• Complex organic compounds are also useful in technology (paints, plastics, rubber, textiles, etc.).
Chapter 1 Alkanes
7 13Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
• Organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds are held together by ionic bonds.
CH HHHmethane
sodium chloride Na Cl Na Cl Na Cl CH H HH Na Cl Na Na Cl CH H HH Cl Na Cl Cl Na 14Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
Property Organic Inorganic
Bonding within moleculesCovalent Often ionic
Forces between moleculesGenerally weak Quite strongNormal physical state
Gases, liquids, or low melting-point solidsUsually high melting-point solidsFlammability Often flammable
Usually nonflammable
Solubility in water Often low Often high
Conductivity of aqueous solutionsNonconductor ConductorTable 1.1Properties of typical organicand inorganic compounds.
Chapter 1 Alkanes
8 15 16Atomic Orbitals on Carbon
• A carbon atom does not form ions easily, since it has four valence electrons (1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 ). It satisfies the octet rule in compounds by sharing electrons. • These are the orbitals that exist on atomic carbon (not connected to anything). sorbital porbital 2s2pEnergy
1sChapter 1 Alkanes
9 17Hybrid Orbitals
• When carbon atoms form bonds with each other, we describe the resulting bonds using hybrid orbitals, which are formed by mixing (hybridizing) the carbon's atomic orbitals. (Linus Pauling, 1950s)
• When carbon atoms bond to 4 other atoms, the 2sorbital and all three 2porbitals in the valence shell combine to produce four sp
3 hybrid orbitals: 2s1 atomic
orbital 2p3 atomic
orbitals sp 34 hybrid
orbitals 18 2s2pEnergy
1ssp 3 1s hybridizationHybrid Orbitals
• All four sp 3 orbitals are at the same energy level, with one electron in each hybrid orbital.Chapter 1 Alkanes
10 19The Shape of an sp
3Carbon
• In order to get as far away from each other as possible (thus minimizing electron-electron repulsions), the sp
3orbitals are arranged in the shape of a tetrahedronaround the central carbon atom, with bond angles of 109.5º.
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