ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes
Carbonyl compounds are of utmost importance to organic chemistry. They are constituents of fabrics flavourings
Organic chemistry – sOme Basic PrinciPles and Techniques
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 9 and later in class XII. 8.8 methOds OF PuriFicatiOn OF. Organic cOmPOunds. Once an organic compound is extracted.
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry
Draw all possible structures having the formulas. C4H10 C5H12
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids
Page 12. 238. Chemistry the nucleophilic attack of ethylene glycol. Acetals Chemistry. Example 8.4 An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms ...
Biomolecules
Page 12. 292. Chemistry. Amino acids are usually colourless crystalline solids They are generally named after the compound or class of compounds upon which ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation
Grade 12. Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene
HYDROCARBONS
of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12. Nomenclature and isomerism in alkanes can further be understood with the help of a few more examples
CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry
Chapter 1 Alkanes. 15. 29. Table 1.2 Classes and functional groups of organic compounds. Class. Functional Group. Example of expanded structural formula.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. formulas are some of the specific types. The ... Unit 13 and later in class XII.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND
You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is
CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI –XII)
and molecular formula; chemical reactions stoichiometry and calculations based on Unit XII: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques.
Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation
Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes
most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11
HYDROCARBONS
Unit 12. On the other hand if carbon atoms formula of different alkanes we find that the ... of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12.
Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids
most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11
CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.
Chapter 8 - Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds
become more familiar the language of organic chemistry it is often most Next we consider a class of hydrocarbons with molecular formulas like those of.
NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University of Sydney
12 (i) General Naming Scheme 12 A Choosing the Principal Chain 13 B Naming the Principal Chain 13 C Numbering the Principal Chain 13 (ii) Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 A Ethers and Thioethers 14 B Alcohols and Thiols 14 C Acids Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 D Esters 17 E Acid Halides 18
Organic Chem : Introduction to Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry #1 12 Functional Groups: compounds containing a C=O Group Type of compound General formula Functional group Hybridization Example Aldehyde CH O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 H O Ketone CR O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CCH 3 O O Ccarboxylic acid COH O R-COOH carboxyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CH 2CH 2COH O Ester COR O R-COOR C sp2 O sp2
Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes - Angelo State University
• Complex organic compounds can perform a number of useful biological functions(vitamins carbohydrates lipids proteins enzymes ATP DNA RNA are all organic compounds) which are studied in biochemistry • Complex organic compounds are present in the foods we eat (carbohydrates proteins fats etc )
An Introduction to Organic Chemistry - University of Manchester
Within the aliphatic class there are both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons The Alkanes A homologous series of saturated compounds with general molecular formula C nH 2n+2 (where n is an integer) methane CH 4 ethane C 2H 6 propane C 3H 8 butane C 4H 10 pentane C 5H 12 hexane C 6H 14 heptane C 7H 16 octane C 8H 18 nonane C 9H 20
Searches related to organic chemistry formulas for class 12 pdf filetype:pdf
Name the following organic compounds a CH3CH2CHCH2Cl CH3 b CH3C CH3 CH3 CHCH2Br CH3 c Br d CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 Cl e CH3CCH2CH3 CH3 OH f CH3CH2C Br CHCH3 g CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 h H2N C O CH2CH3 12 Each of the following formulas can be written as two compounds with different functional groups Write the structural formulas name the compounds
How many classes of organic compounds are there?
- Numbering the Principal Chain 13 Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 Ethers and Thioethers 14 Alcohols and Thiols 14 Acids, Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 Esters 17 Acid Halides 18 Amides 18 Nitriles 19 Aldehydes 19 5. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 23 General Notes 23 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 23 Substituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons 24 1
What is your in organic chemistry?
- In all functional groups listed above, R = any chain of carbon atoms, or sometimes, an H atom, if H does not result in a different functional group. Organic Chemistry #1 13 • Practice: identify the functional groups in the molecules below, and assign hybridizations to all the atoms. O O OH O CH3 CH3 H3C CO
What are the principles of organic chemistry?
- One of the most important principles in organic chemistry is the understanding of how reactions happen at a molecular level. This is termed the reaction mechanism. Mechanisms are represented by "pushing electrons" between and/or around molecules.
How do you calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound?
- 0.152 g of an organic compound X containing only C, H and O produces: 0.223 g of CO2 0.091 g of H2O upon total combustion. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound X. Mass % are used to calculate mole % which yield the empirical formula or simplest ratio of the elements present. This gives the ratio 1:2:1 and the empirical formula CH2O.
Organic Chemistry #1 2
A. What is organic chemistry? By definition, it is a branch of chemistry that focuses on carbon compounds.
While this seems like a very narrow group of compounds, there are over10 million known molecules, and over 80% of these are classified as organic.
Organic compounds are ubiquitous and are part of your life. o You are a carbon-based life form: DNA, proteins, neurotransmitters, etc. o Food is primarily based on organic molecules: starch in toast, orange juice contains vitamins, and coffee contains caffeine and sugar o Clothes and shoes that you wear are made of organic molecules and dyes o Medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements are organic molecules o The paper that is in front of you is made of cellulose o Your phone that rings in class contains plastics and other polymersOrganic Chemistry #1 3
Examples of organic molecules in your life...
H 3 N NH H N N H O O OH O O O SH OOH testosteroneHOOH estradiol peptides ONN NNO caffeine O HO ibuprofenO S HHNH 2 NO NO OH ampicillin vitamin C O OH OH OH HO O HO HO O OH OH HOH 2 C OH HOO CH 2 OH sucrose isooctaneN N NHN NH 2 HNH N O OAT base pair
Organic Chemistry #1 4
B. Structural Formulas Organic chemists use short-hand techniques to show (imply) the locations of
electrons and bonds in molecules, as full Lewis structures are messy! The conventions are shown below for ethanol, molecular formula C 2 H 6 O.Full Lewis dot structure
(all valence electrons shown) C H C O HHHH HLewis structure, with covalent bonds
represented as lines. CH H H CHH O HCovalent bonds omitted, but
assumed. With or without non- bonding pairs. Used for simple molecules. CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 CH 2 OHC-C bonds shown only by a line.
H atoms bonded to C not shown
(implied). OHOrganic Chemistry #1 5
In these line diagrams:
o Each solid line represents a two electron covalent bond. o When no atom is drawn at the intersection of two covalent bonds (two lines) it is assumed to be a carbon atom, and there are enough hydrogen atoms around each carbon as necessary to make it tetravalent (4 bonds) o All non-carbon atoms (heteroatoms) must be drawn with the hydrogen atoms bonded to them. o Lone pairs are often not drawn, and are assumed to be there.Example: capsaicin is
the molecule that gives peppers their hot taste.For practice, work out
the molecular formula of capsaicin and the compounds on page 3. C C C CC C O C OH N CO C C C C C C CC C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H NH H 3 COHO O same asOrganic Chemistry #1 6
C. Molecular Shapes The basic shapes of organic molecules are well-predicted by VSEPR theory, discussed in the previous section.Regions of e
density around central atom Predicted shape of electrons Angles Examples4 tetrahedral 109.5°
CH H H H NH H H OH H3 trigonal
planar 120° CC HH HH CO HH2 linear 180°
CC CO H H O Lone pairs of electrons exert a greater repulsive force than pairs in bonds, causing a reduction in bond angles. Double and triple bonds act as single bonds (a single region of electron density) in VSEPR theory.Organic Chemistry #1 7
By applying VSEPR shapes to all bonded sites in a molecule, the correct shape of nearly every organic molecule can be predicted and drawn in 3D The dot-line-wedge symbolism is the most common way of depicting three- dimensional structures:Line: represents a bond
in the plane of the paperDotted line: represents a bond directed
behind the plane of the paperWedged line: represents a bond directed
in front of the plane of the paper The 3D structure of ethanol is therefore represented as:The best 3D representation of ethanol is given by
molecular models, or drawn as ball-and-stick models. o C = grey, H = white, O = red CH H H C O H H HOrganic Chemistry #1 8
D. Hybridization
Recall we discussed hybridization in the previous unit. For organic molecules, there are only three types of hybridization we need to worry about.Regions of
e density Atomic orbitals Hybrid orbitals Electronic arrangement2 one s, one p two sp linear 3 one s, two p three sp
2 trigonal planar4 one s, three p four sp
3 tetrahedral o Regions of electron density: an NB pair, a single bond, or a multiple bond each constitutes one region. o Electronic arrangement may not equate to molecular shape if there is one or more NB pair present.Example: label the hybridization and give the
approximate bond angles for C, N, and O in this molecule. NC OCH 3Organic Chemistry #1 9
E. Functional Groups A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that have characteristic physical properties and are often the sites of chemical reactivity. It determines all of the following properties of a molecule: o Bonding and shape o Type and strength of intermolecular forces o Physical properties o Chemical reactivity o Nomenclature In first-year chemistry, we will focus on the first few functional groups. Their reactivity and nomenclature will be left for second-year organic chemistry.Organic Chemistry #1 10
Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons
Type of
Compound General structure Functional
Group Hybridization Example Alkane R
3 CH C n H 2n+2 ------ sp 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 CH 3Alkene R
2 C=CR 2 C n H 2nDouble bond C=C sp
2 C n H 2n-2HC CCH(CH
3 2Aromatic
compounds containPhenyl group CC sp
2 In all functional groups listed above, R = any chain of carbon atoms, or sometimes, an H atom, if H does not result in a different functional group.Organic Chemistry #1 11
Functional Groups: Compounds containing a C-Z single bondType of
Compound General
formula FunctionalGroup Hybridization Example Alkyl (aryl)
Halide R-X
(X = F, Cl, Br, I) X halo groupAlkyl C-X sp
3Aryl C sp
2X = sp
3 Cl Br H Cl F Br F FAlcohol ROH OH
hydroxyl group C sp 3 O sp 3 OH OHEther ROR OR
alkoxy group C sp 3 O sp 3 CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 O CH 3Amine RNH
2 R 2 NH R 3 N NH 2 amino group C sp 3 N sp 3 NH 2 H 2 NThiol RSH SH
mercapto C sp 3 S sp 3 SHSulfide R-S-R SR
alkylthiol C sp 3 S sp 3 H 3 CS CH 3 In all functional groups listed above, R = any chain of carbon atoms, phenyl or sometimes, an H atom, if H does not result in a different functional group.Organic Chemistry #1 12
Functional Groups: compounds containing a C=O GroupType of
compound General formula Functional group Hybridization Example Aldehyde CHO R C=O carbonyl C sp 2 O sp 2 H OKetone
CRO R C=O carbonyl C sp 2 O sp 2 CH 3 CCH 3 O OCcarboxylic
acid COHO R -COOH carboxyl C sp 2 O sp 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COHO Ester CORO R -COOR C sp 2 O sp 2 CH 3 CH 2 CHquotesdbs_dbs11.pdfusesText_17[PDF] organic chemistry multiple choice questions with answers doc
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