[PDF] NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University of Sydney





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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND

You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is 



Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes

Carbonyl compounds are of utmost importance to organic chemistry. They are constituents of fabrics flavourings



Organic chemistry – sOme Basic PrinciPles and Techniques

You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 9 and later in class XII. 8.8 methOds OF PuriFicatiOn OF. Organic cOmPOunds. Once an organic compound is extracted.



Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry

Draw all possible structures having the formulas. C4H10 C5H12



Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids

Page 12. 238. Chemistry the nucleophilic attack of ethylene glycol. Acetals Chemistry. Example 8.4 An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms ...



Biomolecules

Page 12. 292. Chemistry. Amino acids are usually colourless crystalline solids They are generally named after the compound or class of compounds upon which ...



ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND

You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is 



Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation

Grade 12. Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene 



HYDROCARBONS

of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12. Nomenclature and isomerism in alkanes can further be understood with the help of a few more examples 



CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds

What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.



Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry

Chapter 1 Alkanes. 15. 29. Table 1.2 Classes and functional groups of organic compounds. Class. Functional Group. Example of expanded structural formula.



ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND

separate branch of chemistry called organic chemistry. formulas are some of the specific types. The ... Unit 13 and later in class XII.



ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND

You will be studying these reactions in. Unit 13 and later in class XII. 12.8 METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Once an organic compound is 



CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI –XII)

and molecular formula; chemical reactions stoichiometry and calculations based on Unit XII: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques.



Organic Chemistry Specific Name Reactions - Meritnation

Organic Chemistry – Specific Name Reactions. Class XII. Sandmeyer Reaction. The Cl Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of 



Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes

most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11



HYDROCARBONS

Unit 12. On the other hand if carbon atoms formula of different alkanes we find that the ... of different classes of organic compounds in. Unit 12.



Aldehydes Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Carboxylic Acids

most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The general formulas of ... aldehydes and ketones respectively (Unit 11



CHAPTER - Carbon and its Compounds

What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane? Table 4.4 Nomenclature of organic compounds. Class of. Prefix/Suffix. Example compounds.



Chapter 8 - Alkenes Alkynes and Aromatic Compounds

become more familiar the language of organic chemistry it is often most Next we consider a class of hydrocarbons with molecular formulas like those of.



NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - University of Sydney

12 (i) General Naming Scheme 12 A Choosing the Principal Chain 13 B Naming the Principal Chain 13 C Numbering the Principal Chain 13 (ii) Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 A Ethers and Thioethers 14 B Alcohols and Thiols 14 C Acids Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 D Esters 17 E Acid Halides 18





Organic Chem : Introduction to Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry #1 12 Functional Groups: compounds containing a C=O Group Type of compound General formula Functional group Hybridization Example Aldehyde CH O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 H O Ketone CR O R C=O carbonyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CCH 3 O O Ccarboxylic acid COH O R-COOH carboxyl C sp2 O sp2 CH 3CH 2CH 2COH O Ester COR O R-COOR C sp2 O sp2



Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes - Angelo State University

• Complex organic compounds can perform a number of useful biological functions(vitamins carbohydrates lipids proteins enzymes ATP DNA RNA are all organic compounds) which are studied in biochemistry • Complex organic compounds are present in the foods we eat (carbohydrates proteins fats etc )



An Introduction to Organic Chemistry - University of Manchester

Within the aliphatic class there are both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons The Alkanes A homologous series of saturated compounds with general molecular formula C nH 2n+2 (where n is an integer) methane CH 4 ethane C 2H 6 propane C 3H 8 butane C 4H 10 pentane C 5H 12 hexane C 6H 14 heptane C 7H 16 octane C 8H 18 nonane C 9H 20



Searches related to organic chemistry formulas for class 12 pdf filetype:pdf

Name the following organic compounds a CH3CH2CHCH2Cl CH3 b CH3C CH3 CH3 CHCH2Br CH3 c Br d CH3CH2CHCH2CH3 Cl e CH3CCH2CH3 CH3 OH f CH3CH2C Br CHCH3 g CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 h H2N C O CH2CH3 12 Each of the following formulas can be written as two compounds with different functional groups Write the structural formulas name the compounds

How many classes of organic compounds are there?

    Numbering the Principal Chain 13 Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14 Ethers and Thioethers 14 Alcohols and Thiols 14 Acids, Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15 Esters 17 Acid Halides 18 Amides 18 Nitriles 19 Aldehydes 19 5. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 23 General Notes 23 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 23 Substituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons 24 1

What is your in organic chemistry?

    In all functional groups listed above, R = any chain of carbon atoms, or sometimes, an H atom, if H does not result in a different functional group. Organic Chemistry #1 13 • Practice: identify the functional groups in the molecules below, and assign hybridizations to all the atoms. O O OH O CH3 CH3 H3C CO

What are the principles of organic chemistry?

    One of the most important principles in organic chemistry is the understanding of how reactions happen at a molecular level. This is termed the reaction mechanism. Mechanisms are represented by "pushing electrons" between and/or around molecules.

How do you calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound?

    0.152 g of an organic compound X containing only C, H and O produces: 0.223 g of CO2 0.091 g of H2O upon total combustion. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound X. Mass % are used to calculate mole % which yield the empirical formula or simplest ratio of the elements present. This gives the ratio 1:2:1 and the empirical formula CH2O.
1

NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

3

2. HYDROCARBONS

3 (i) Alkanes 3

A. Unbranched Chains 3

B. Unbranched chains 4

(ii) Alkenes 5

A. One double bond 5

B. More than one double bond 5

C. E/Z Isomers in Alkenes 6

(iii) Alkynes 8 (iv) Combined Alkenes and Alkynes 8 (v) Cyclic Hydrocarbons 9

3. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS AND NITRO GROUPS

10

4. COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS NAMED AS SUFFIXES

12 (i) General Naming Scheme 12

A. Choosing the Principal Chain 13

B. Naming the Principal Chain 13

C. Numbering the Principal Chain 13

(ii) Naming Various Classes of Organic Compounds 14

A. Ethers and Thioethers 14

B. Alcohols and Thiols 14

C. Acids, Salts of Acids and Acid Anhydrides 15

D. Esters 17

E. Acid Halides 18

F. Amides 18

G. Nitriles 19

H. Aldehydes 19

I. Ketones 21

J. Amines and Ammonium Salts 22

5. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

23
(i) General Notes 23 (ii) Aromatic Hydrocarbons 23 (iii) Substituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons 24

2 A. Halogen and Nitro- Substituted Aromatics 24

B. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives 24

C. Phenols and Thiophenols 25

D. Aldehydes and Ketones 26

E. Sulfonic acids and Sulfonic Acid Derivatives 27

F. Aromatic Amines 28

G. Diazonium Salts 29

6. RADICOFUNCTIONAL NAMING

29

A. Alkyl Halides 29

B. Alcohols 29

C. Ketones 30

D. Nitriles (or Cyanides) 30

E. Grignard Reagents 30

Revised and updated

Professor L D Field

May 2004

3

NOMENCLATURE IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. INTRODUCTION It is important that organic compounds are

corrrectly and unambiguously named so that there

can be absolutely no confusion about what compounds are actually being reported or described. There have been many conventions

for naming organic compounds - some have had limit scope or become embedded in common us age and some have persisted over time

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (I.U.P.A.C.) periodically reviews naming practice, attempting to standardise nomenclature. The following guidelines for organic nomenclature are based on the def

initive rules published by I.U.P.A.C. 1 (the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). 2. HYDROCARBONS (i) The Alkanes (C n H 2n+2

A. Unbranched Chains The first four (n=1-4) unbranched chain saturated hydrocarbons are called methane, ethane, propane and butane. After this, there is a numerical term (of Greek origin) followed by the ending "-ane". The first twelve members are given in Table 1. Table 1. The names of the first 12 linear alkanes

n Name Molecular formula Constitutional formula 1 methane CH 4 CH 4

2 ethane C

2 H 6 CH 3 CH 3

3 propane C

3 H 8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3

4 butane C

4 H 10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

5 pentane C

5 H 12 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

6 hexane C

6 H 14 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

7 heptane C

7 H 16 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

8 octane C

8 H 18 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

9 nonane C

9 H 20 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

10 decane C

10 H 22
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

11 undecane C

11 H 24
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

12 dodecane C

12 H 26
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

The group derived from one of these alkanes by

removal of a terminal (end) hydrogen is

called an alkyl group. The group name is found by removing "ane" from the alkane name and adding "yl". Example:

CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 butane becomes CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - butyl Note : The free valence must be on the terminal carbon. 1

I.U.P.A.C. Nomenclature

for Organic Chemistry , Sections A, B and C (combined edition), Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1971. 4 B. Branched Chains The following steps are taken in naming an alkane with a branched chain: (a)

Find the longest continuous carbon chain and select the appropriate alkane name from Table 1. (Side chains are not included in the carbon count.)

(b)

Name all of the side chains (carbon chains attached to the longest chain) and list them in alphabetical order. Ignore multiplicative prefixes such as "di-" (2), "tri-" (3), "tetra-" (4)

etc . Also ignore " sec -" and " tert -" but not "iso". (c)

Number the longest chain so that substituents have the lowest possible numbers and insert location numbers before each of the side chain names.

Special Note

: The following groups have the special names indicated: CH 3 CHCH 3 isopropyl CH3 CH CH3 CH 2 isobutyl CH3 CH CH3 CH 3 secondary-butyl sec-butyl s-butyl CH3 C CH3 CH 3 tertiary-butyl tert-butyl t-butyl

Examples

CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3

3-methylpentane

CH 3 CH CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

2,4,5-trimethylheptane (

not

3,4,6-)

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2

CH CHCH

2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

4-ethyl-5-methyloctane (

not

5-ethyl-4-methyloctane)

4-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyl

hept ane

5The following compounds have special names:

CH 3 CHCH 3 CH 3 isobutane CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 isopentane CH 3 CCH 3 CH 3 CH 3 neopentane Branched side chains are named by renumbering the alkyl group giving the carbon with the free valence (i.e. point of attachment to the main chain) the number 1 and giving substituents the appropriate number in the usual way.

Examples

CH CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2

2-methylbutyl group

CH CH CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CHCH 3

1,3,4-trimethylpentyl group

The following example gives the name of an alkane having a branched side chain: CH CH 2 CH 2 CH CHquotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26
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