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Size and density influence of concentrates to increase by

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Size and density influence of concentrates

to increase by-pass protein fraction Florence Dufreneix1,2, Philippe Faverdin1, François Gautier2, Jean-

Louis Peyraud1

69thEAAP Annual meeting ʹ2018

© S. Champion

© S. Champion

Mambrini et Peyraud (1997)

1PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France

2Agrial, 4 rue des Roquemonts, 14000 Caen, France

2 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion Protection of protein: major challenge in dairy cows Reduce the use of vegetable proteins (increase protein efficiency)

Reduce nitrogen excretion in environment

2 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion Protection of protein: major challenge in dairy cows Reduce the use of vegetable proteins (increase protein efficiency)

Reduce nitrogen excretion in environment

Different techniques

Protection against microbial fermentations

Formaldehyde tanning (carcinogenic)

New protections (essential oils, vegetable tannins)

Less efficient

Short-term action

2 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion Protection of protein: major challenge in dairy cows Reduce the use of vegetable proteins (increase protein efficiency)

Reduce nitrogen excretion in environment

Different techniques

Protection against microbial fermentations

Formaldehyde tanning (carcinogenic)

New protections (essential oils, vegetable tannins)

Less efficient

Short-term action

Reduce time spent by particle in the rumen

Influence of size and density on the mean retention time 2 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion Protection of protein: major challenge in dairy cows Reduce the use of vegetable proteins (increase protein efficiency)

Reduce nitrogen excretion in environment

Different techniques

Protection against microbial fermentations

Formaldehyde tanning (carcinogenic)

New protections (essential oils, vegetable tannins)

Less efficient

Short-term action

Reduce time spent by particle in the rumen

Influence of size and density on the mean retention time IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 3

Specific

gravity Size

1) Ruminal fermentations

Gases production =

decrease of density

Reduction of size

IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 3

Specific

gravity Size

1) Ruminal fermentations

Gases production =

decrease of density

Reduction of size

2) Release of

fermentation gases increase of density

Reduction of size

IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 3

Specific

gravity Size

1) Ruminal fermentations

Gases production =

decrease of density

Reduction of size

2) Release of

fermentation gases increase of density

Reduction of size

3) Escape from the rumen

IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 3

Specific

gravity Size

1) Ruminal fermentations

Gases production =

decrease of density

Reduction of size

2) Release of

fermentation gases increase of density

Reduction of size

3) Escape from the rumen

Effects of size and density on particle passage rate in the rumen

Known on forages

Few studies on concentrates

IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 3

Specific

gravity Size

1) Ruminal fermentations

Gases production =

decrease of density

Reduction of size

2) Release of

fermentation gases increase of density

Reduction of size

3) Escape from the rumen

Which size and density of concentrates

allow the fastest escape from the rumen ?

Experimental design:

4 lactating cows in a Latin square design

Faecal kinetics monitored during 4 periods of 106 hours (17 faeces samplings) 4

Use of plastic particles:

no effect of rumen microbial fermentations IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 5

Faecal

sampling

Wet sieving under

high pressure water

Density separation

(surfactant) IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 5

Faecal

sampling

Wet sieving under

high pressure water

Density separation

(surfactant) IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Ambient water

Particles of densities

1.1 ʹ1.3 ʹ1.5

5

Faecal

sampling

Wet sieving under

high pressure water

Density separation

(surfactant) IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Ambient water

Hot water

Particles of densities

1.1 ʹ1.3 ʹ1.5

Particles of density

0.9 5

Faecal

sampling

Wet sieving under

high pressure water

Density separation

(surfactant) IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Ambient water

Hot water

Particles of densities

1.1ʹ1.3ʹ1.5

Particles of density

0.9

Photography

Photography

6

Image processing

Counting with ImageJ

software IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 7 Adjustment on a two exponential model (Grovum and Williams, 1973)

Total mean retention time = MRT1 + MRT2 + TT

Mixing

compartments Flow compartments Rumen IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 8 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

No results for particles of 0.5mm size

8 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

No results for particles of 0.5mm size

Quadratic response of density

with an optimum between 1.1 and 1.3

In the digestive tract

8 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Digestive

tract Rumen

No results for particle of 0.5mm size

Quadratic response of density

with an optimum between 1.1 and 1.3

In the digestive tract

In the rumen

9 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Response of mean retention time to size

No effect for densities 1.1 and 1.3

Increase with size for densities 0.9 and 1.5

22
IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Response of mean retention time to size

No effect for densities 1.1 and 1.3

Increase with size for densities 0.9 and 1.5

Particles with density comprised between 1.1 and 1.3 escape faster from the rumen whatever their size

Plastic particles = no fermentation

Applications to concentrates particles:

importance of the surface / mass ratio in the starts of microbial fermentations Small particles loss their density more rapidly due to higher surface / mass ratio

Selection occurs at the reticulo-omasal orifice

Critical size theory (Poppi et al. 1980): 3-4mm

Particle sizes around 3-4mm will delay the loss of density and allow the passage out of the rumen 10 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion 11 IntroductionMaterial & MethodsResultsApplicationsConclusion

Quadratic response of density

with an optimum between 1.1 and 1.3

In the digestive tract

In the rumen

Response of mean retention time to size

No effect for densities 1.1 and 1.3

Increase with size for densities 0.9 and 1.5

Applications to concentrates

Feeds with a density between 1.1 and 1.3 and a size around 3-4mm may have the shortest time in the rumen Changing the physical characteristics of concentrate particles could increase the efficiency of new protecting processesquotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25