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Chapter 1 The Medial Triangle - IrMO
Thus the orthocentre of A1B1C1 coincides with the circumcentre of ABC Figure 4: Let H be the orthocentre of the triangle ABC, that is the point of intersection of the altitudes of ABC Two of these altitudes AA2 and BB2 are shown (Figure 4) Since O is the orthocen-tre of A1B1C1 and H is the orthocentre of ABC then jAHj = 2jA1Oj The centroid
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Chapter 1. The Medial Triangle
2Figure 1:
The triangle formed by joining the midpoints
of the sides of a given triangle is called the me- dial triangle. LetA1B1C1be the medial trian- gle of the triangleABCin Figure 1. The sides ofA1B1C1are parallel to the sides ofABCand half the lengths. SoA1B1C1is1 4 the area of ABC.In fact
area(AC1B1) =area(A1B1C1) =area(C1BA1) =area(B1A1C) =1 4 area(ABC):Figure 2:
The quadrilateralsAC1A1B1andC1BA1B1are parallelograms. Thus the line segmentsAA1andC1B1bisect one another, and the line segmentsBB1 andCA1bisect one another. (Figure 2)Figure 3:
Thus the medians ofA1B1C1lie along the medians ofABC, so both tri- anglesA1B1C1andABChave the same centroidG.
3 Now draw the altitudes ofA1B1C1from verticesA1andC1. (Figure3) These altitudes are perpendicular bisectors of the sidesBCandAB
of the triangleABCso they intersect atO, the circumcentre ofABC. Thus the orthocentre ofA1B1C1coincides with the circumcentre ofABC.Figure 4:
LetHbe the orthocentre of the triangleABC,
that is the point of intersection of the altitudes ofABC. Two of these altitudesAA2andBB2 are shown. (Figure 4) SinceOis the orthocen- tre ofA1B1C1andHis the orthocentre ofABC then jAHj= 2jA1OjThe centroidGofABClies onAA1and
jAGj= 2jGA1j . We also haveAA2kOA1, sinceOis the orthocentre ofA1B1C1. Thus H bAG=GcA1O; and so trianglesHAGandGA1Oare similar.SinceHbAG=GbA1O,
jAHj= 2jA1Oj, jAGj= 2jGA1j. Thus A bGH=A1bGO, i.e.H;GandOare collinear. Furthermore,jHGj= 2jGOj: Thus Theorem 1The orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre of any trian- gle are collinear. The centroid divides the distance from the orthocentre to the circumcentre in the ratio2 : 1.
4 The line on which these 3 points lie is called theEuler lineof the triangle. We now investigate the circumcircle of the medial triangleA1B1C1. First we adopt the notationC(ABC)
to denote the circumcircle of the triangleABC.Figure 5:
LetAA2be the altitude ofABCfrom the vertexA.
(Figure 5) Then A1B1kABand
jA1B1j=1 2 jABj:In the triangleAA2B;AcA2B= 90±andC1is the mid-
point ofAB. Thus jA2C1j=1 2 jABj. ThusC1B1A1A2is an isoceles trapezoid and thus a cyclic quadrilateral. It follows thatA2lies on the circumcircle ofA1B1C1. Similarly for the pointsB2andC2which are the feet of the altitudes from the verticesBandC.Figure 6:
Thus we have
Theorem 2The feet of the altitudes of a trian-
gleABClie on the circumcircle of the medial triangle A1B1C1.
LetA3be the midpoint of the line segmentAHjoining
the vertexAto the orthocentreH. (Figure 6) Then we claim thatA3belongs toC(A1B1C1), or equivalently A1B1A3C1is a cyclic quadrilateral.
We haveC1A1kACandC1A3kBH, butBH?AC.
ThusC1A1?C1A3.
FurthermoreA3B1kHCandA1B1kAB.
ButHCkAB;thusA3B1?B1A1.
5 Thus, quadrilateralC1A1B1A3is cyclic, i.e.A32 C(A1B1C1). Similarly, ifB3C3are the midpoints of the line segmentsHBandHCre- spectively thenB3,C32 C(A1B1C1).Thus we have
Theorem 3The 3 midpoints of the line segments joining the ortho- centre of a triangle to its vertices all lie on the circumcircle of the medial triangle. Thus we have the 9 pointsA1;B1;C1;A2;B2;C2andA3;B3;C3concyclic. This circle is theninepoint circleof the triangleABC. SinceC1A1B1A3is cyclic withA3C1?C1A1andA3B1?B1A1, thenA1A3 is a diameter of the ninepoint circle. Thus the centreNof the ninepoint circle is the midpoint of the diameterA1A3. We will show in a little while thatNalso lies on the Euler line and that it is the midpoint of the line segmentHOjoining the orthocentreHto the circumcentreO. De¯nition 1A pointA0is thesymmetric pointof a pointAthrough a third pointOifOis the midpoint of the line segmentAA0. (Figure 7)Figure 7:
We now prove a result about points lying on the circumcircle of a triangle. LetA0be the symmetric point ofHthrough the pointA1which is the midpoint of the sideBCof a triangleABC. Then we claim thatA0belongs toC(ABC). To see this, proceed as follows.Figure 8:
The pointA1is the midpoint of the segments
HA0andBCsoHBA0Cis a parallelogram. Thus
A0CkBH. ButBHextended is perpendicular toAC
6 and soA0C?AC. SimilarlyBA0kCHandCHis per- pendicular toABsoBA0?AB. Thus A bBA0=A0bCA= 90±:ThusABA0Cis cyclic and furthermoreAA0is a di-
ameter. Thus A02 C(ABC):
Similarly the other symmetric points ofHthroughB1andC1, which we denote byB0andC0respectively, also lie onC(ABC).Figure 9:
Now consider the triangleAHA0. The points
A3;A1andOare the midpoints of the sides
AH;HA0andA0Arespectively. ThusHA1OA3is
a parallelogram soHObisectsA3A1. We saw earlier that the segmentA3A1is a diameter ofC(A1B1C1) so the midpoint ofHOis also then
the centre ofC(A1B1C1). Thus the centreNof the ninepoint circle, i.e.C(A1B1C1) lies on theEuler line and is the midpoint of the segment
HO. Furthermore the radius of the ninepoint circle is one half of the radiusR of the circumcircleC(ABC). Now consider the symmetric points ofHthrough the pointsA2;B2and C2where again these are the feet of the perpendiculars from the vertices. We
claim these are also onC(ABC).Figure 10:
LetBB2andCC2be altitudes as shown
in Figure 10,His the point of intersec- tion.ThenAC2HB2is cyclic soC2bAB2+C2bHB2=
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