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GDFPC/2011
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
Sectoral Activities Department
Safety in the supply chain in relation
to packing of containersReport for discussion at the Global Dialogue
Forum on Safety in the Supply Chain in
Relation to Packing of Containers
(2122 February 2011)Geneva, 2011
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA
Copyright © International Labour Organization 2010First published 2010
Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright
Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that
the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications
(Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email:
pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in
accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights
organization in your country.Safety in the supply chain in relation to packing of containers / International Labour Office, Sectoral Activities
Department - Geneva: ILO, 2010.
ISBN 978-92-2-124226-0 (print)
ISBN 978-92-2-124227-7 (web pdf)
International Labour Office and Sectoral Activities Department; Global Dialogue Forum on Safety in the Supply
Chain in Relation to Packing of Containers (2011, Geneva, Switzerland).Also available
in French: La sécurité dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement concernant le remplissage des conteneurs,
ISBN 978-92-2-224226-9, Geneva, 2010,
in Spanish: Seguridad en la cadena de suministro en relación con el embalaje de los contenedores,
ISBN 978-92-2-324226-8, Geneva, 2010.
conference report / safety / occupational safety / cargo / container / packaging / value chains 15.06ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data
The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the
presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their
authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions
expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the
International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a
sign of disapproval.ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many
countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email:
pubvente@ilo.org.Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns.
Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, SwitzerlandGDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v2 v
Contents
PageAcknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... vii
Summary ........................................................................................................................................... ix
Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................. xi
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. The supply chain .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Freight containers in the supply chain .......................................................................... 5
1.2. Elements in the supply chain ........................................................................................ 10
1.2.1. Consignment assembly .................................................................................... 11
1.2.2. Consignment consolidation .............................................................................. 12
1.2.3. Carriage ............................................................................................................ 12
1.3. Supply chain risks ......................................................................................................... 32
2. Cargo-related incidents ................................................................................................................ 37
2.1. Rollover incidents ......................................................................................................... 37
2.2. Overweight containers .................................................................................................. 38
2.3. Concentrated loads ........................................................................................................ 41
2.4. Unsecured cargo ........................................................................................................... 42
2.5. Combinations ................................................................................................................ 44
3. Current publications ..................................................................................................................... 45
3.1. Legislation .................................................................................................................... 45
3.2. Guidelines and codes of practice .................................................................................. 46
3.3. National and international standards ............................................................................. 47
4. Analysis of incident case studies .................................................................................................. 49
5. Load distribution .......................................................................................................................... 53
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 53
5.2. Weight and mass ........................................................................................................... 53
5.3. Centre of gravity ........................................................................................................... 54
5.4 Eccentric loading (CGEL) .............................................................................................. 56
5.5. Centre of gravity height (CGH) ..................................................................................... 58
5.6. Planning ........................................................................................................................ 58
6. Cargo securing manual ten commandments ................................................................................. 61
vi GDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v27. Training ........................................................................................................................................ 62
7.1. Current training packages ............................................................................................. 62
7.2. Ease of access by organizations and workplace operators ........................................... 63
7.3. Training needs ............................................................................................................... 64
7.4. E-learning ...................................................................................................................... 65
8. Dissemination and implementation .............................................................................................. 67
8.1. Options for stakeholders ............................................................................................... 67
8.2. Options for other bodies................................................................................................ 68
Appendices
I. Container types ............................................................................................................. 71
II. Rollover accidents of trailers carrying international intermodal containers ................. 74
III. Ten steps to load, stow and secure a freight container .................................................. 78
IV. Guidelines and codes of practice .................................................................................. 81
V. International and national standards ............................................................................. 85
VI. Definitions .................................................................................................................... 86
VII. Stakeholders and contributors ....................................................................................... 90
GDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v2 vii
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared as part of the ILOs Sectoral Activities Programme and is issued under the authority of the Director-General of the ILO. It is based on the findings of a relevant research study that was undertaken for the ILO by Mr Bill Brassington ofETS Consulting.
The report has benefited from inputs from the ILO and other experts in the field. The ILO wishes to gratefully acknowledge the support that the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH), the International RoadTransport Union (IRU), the Global Shippers
Shipping (ICS) and the Government Regional Coordinators in Geneva have given to the ILO throughout the process for the preparation of this report, and the invaluable comments on the draft versions provided by representatives of the above organizations and the Government of Japan. This report was prepared under the responsibility of Mr Marios Meletiou, Senior Specialist (Ports and Transport) of the Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR).GDFPC/2011
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
Sectoral Activities Department
Safety in the supply chain in relation
to packing of containersReport for discussion at the Global Dialogue
Forum on Safety in the Supply Chain in
Relation to Packing of Containers
(2122 February 2011)Geneva, 2011
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA
Copyright © International Labour Organization 2010First published 2010
Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright
Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that
the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications
(Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email:
pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in
accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights
organization in your country.Safety in the supply chain in relation to packing of containers / International Labour Office, Sectoral Activities
Department - Geneva: ILO, 2010.
ISBN 978-92-2-124226-0 (print)
ISBN 978-92-2-124227-7 (web pdf)
International Labour Office and Sectoral Activities Department; Global Dialogue Forum on Safety in the Supply
Chain in Relation to Packing of Containers (2011, Geneva, Switzerland).Also available
in French: La sécurité dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement concernant le remplissage des conteneurs,
ISBN 978-92-2-224226-9, Geneva, 2010,
in Spanish: Seguridad en la cadena de suministro en relación con el embalaje de los contenedores,
ISBN 978-92-2-324226-8, Geneva, 2010.
conference report / safety / occupational safety / cargo / container / packaging / value chains 15.06ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data
The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the
presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their
authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions
expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the
International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a
sign of disapproval.ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many
countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email:
pubvente@ilo.org.Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns.
Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, SwitzerlandGDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v2 v
Contents
PageAcknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... vii
Summary ........................................................................................................................................... ix
Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................. xi
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. The supply chain .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Freight containers in the supply chain .......................................................................... 5
1.2. Elements in the supply chain ........................................................................................ 10
1.2.1. Consignment assembly .................................................................................... 11
1.2.2. Consignment consolidation .............................................................................. 12
1.2.3. Carriage ............................................................................................................ 12
1.3. Supply chain risks ......................................................................................................... 32
2. Cargo-related incidents ................................................................................................................ 37
2.1. Rollover incidents ......................................................................................................... 37
2.2. Overweight containers .................................................................................................. 38
2.3. Concentrated loads ........................................................................................................ 41
2.4. Unsecured cargo ........................................................................................................... 42
2.5. Combinations ................................................................................................................ 44
3. Current publications ..................................................................................................................... 45
3.1. Legislation .................................................................................................................... 45
3.2. Guidelines and codes of practice .................................................................................. 46
3.3. National and international standards ............................................................................. 47
4. Analysis of incident case studies .................................................................................................. 49
5. Load distribution .......................................................................................................................... 53
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 53
5.2. Weight and mass ........................................................................................................... 53
5.3. Centre of gravity ........................................................................................................... 54
5.4 Eccentric loading (CGEL) .............................................................................................. 56
5.5. Centre of gravity height (CGH) ..................................................................................... 58
5.6. Planning ........................................................................................................................ 58
6. Cargo securing manual ten commandments ................................................................................. 61
vi GDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v27. Training ........................................................................................................................................ 62
7.1. Current training packages ............................................................................................. 62
7.2. Ease of access by organizations and workplace operators ........................................... 63
7.3. Training needs ............................................................................................................... 64
7.4. E-learning ...................................................................................................................... 65
8. Dissemination and implementation .............................................................................................. 67
8.1. Options for stakeholders ............................................................................................... 67
8.2. Options for other bodies................................................................................................ 68
Appendices
I. Container types ............................................................................................................. 71
II. Rollover accidents of trailers carrying international intermodal containers ................. 74
III. Ten steps to load, stow and secure a freight container .................................................. 78
IV. Guidelines and codes of practice .................................................................................. 81
V. International and national standards ............................................................................. 85
VI. Definitions .................................................................................................................... 86
VII. Stakeholders and contributors ....................................................................................... 90
GDFPC-R-[2011-10-0124-9]-En.doc/v2 vii
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared as part of the ILOs Sectoral Activities Programme and is issued under the authority of the Director-General of the ILO. It is based on the findings of a relevant research study that was undertaken for the ILO by Mr Bill Brassington ofETS Consulting.
The report has benefited from inputs from the ILO and other experts in the field. The ILO wishes to gratefully acknowledge the support that the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH), the International RoadTransport Union (IRU), the Global Shippers
Shipping (ICS) and the Government Regional Coordinators in Geneva have given to the ILO throughout the process for the preparation of this report, and the invaluable comments on the draft versions provided by representatives of the above organizations and the Government of Japan. This report was prepared under the responsibility of Mr Marios Meletiou, Senior Specialist (Ports and Transport) of the Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR).- ii empire