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WORLD MIGRATION

REPORT

2018

The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of the

International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material

throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the

legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benets migrants and society. As an

intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting

the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic

development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

Publisher:

International Organization for Migration

17 route des Morillons

P.O. Box 17

1211 Geneva 19

Switzerland

Tel.: +41 22 717 9111

Fax: +41 22 798 6150

E-mail: hq@iom.int

Website: www.iom.int

ISSN 1561-5502

ISBN 978-92-9068-742-9

e-ISBN 978-92-9068-763-4

Cover photos

Top: South Sudanese refugees enter a tent at a way station in Gimbi, Ethiopia.

IOM (Photo: Rikka Tupaz)

Middle: Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The palace is a major attraction for tourists from

around the world.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Bottom:

People enjoy a weekend shopping in downtown in Dublin, Ireland.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

2017 International Organization for Migration (IOM)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written

permission of the publisher. 56_17

WORLD MIGRATION

REPORT

2018
iiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under

the direction of the editors. The

World Migration Report 2018

project commenced in September 2016 and culminated

in the launch of the report in November 2017 by the Director General at the 108th Session of the IOM Council.

The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reect the views of IOM. The

designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any

opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its

authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including through

data verication. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report does not

refer to data or events after June 2017. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v. iiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

Editorial, review and production team

Editors

Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Martin Ruhs (University of Oxford) IOM reviewers Jason Aplon, Gervais Appave, Tara Brian, Richard Danziger, Jill Helke, Louis Hoffmann, Frank Laczko, June Lee, Mathieu Luciano, Laura Lungarotti, Marina Manke, Joel Millman, Daria Mokhnacheva, Michael Newson, Ahn Nguyen, Carlotta Panchetti, Anna Platonova, Tauhid Pasha, Marzia Rango and Erica Usher

Academic reviewers

Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Alexander Aleinikoff, Celine Bauloz, Jacqueline Bhabha, Jorgen Carling, Elsayed Bekhit Darwish, Ben Gidley, Philip Martin, James Raymer, Alex P. Schmid, Ann Singleton, Ronald Skeldon and Nando Sigona

Photographs

Muse Mohammed, Carolina Celi, Amanda Nero and Rikka Tupaz

Production coordinator

Valerie Hagger

Copy-editing

Karl Muller and Olga Sheean

Report design and layout

Marie McAuliffe, Valerie Hagger, Mae Angeline Delgado and Harvy Gadia

IOM project team

Marie McAuliffe, Marco Pedrotti (part project), Sanjula Weerasinghe (part project), Alexandra M. Goossens (part project), Adrian Kitimbo (part project), Mark McCarthy (part project), Eleni Alexandrou (part project), Juan Cava Quintero (part project), Mohamad Elmasry (part project)

Acknowledgements

The editors are grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers

who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to IOM's Director General,

Ambassador William Lacy Swing, and members of IOM's senior management team, who actively supported this

work and the recalibration of the World Migration Report series, particularly Laura Thompson, Gervais Appave,

Clarissa Azkoul, Jill Helke, Bruce Reed and Ovais Sarmad. We also wish to acknowledge the Royal Ministry

of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

Cooperation for their flnancial support.

We wish to thank the following people for their contributions to the report: Guy Abel, Graziano Battistella and

Maruja M.B. Asis (

Asian and Paciflc Migration Journal

), Mulugeta F. Dinbabo (

African Human Mobility Review

Howard Duncan (

International Migration

), Allan M. Findlay, Carla H. Mulder and Darren P. Smith (

Population,

Space and Place

), Kevin Hannam, Mimi Sheller and David Tyfleld (

Mobilities

), Khalid Koser (

Journal of Refugee

Studies

), Paul Statham (

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

), James Landale, Tarika Lall and Ceri Parker (World

Economic Forum), Martyn Pearce (ANU Policy Forum), Manuel Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue), Ali Shehzad Malik

(IATA), Meredith Klein (MacArthur Foundation), Chris Berg (IPA), Christine Hall (CEI), and Nicholas Hunt (Letters

Outside). Professor Ruhs has contributed to this report in a personal capacity as an independent consultant.

ivWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

Contributors

Chapter 1:

Report overview: Making sense of migration in an increasingly interconnected world

Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Martin Ruhs

Research assistants: Adrian Kitimbo and Diletta Cordani Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview

Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Sanjula Weerasinghe, Mark McCarthy, Marco Pedrotti and Marzia Rango

Research assistants and other contributors: Guy Abel, Julia Black, Shalohm Chikono, Patrice Cluzant, Harry Cook,

Kate Dearden, Eliza Galos, Jenna Iodice, Sarah Knight, Daria Mokhnacheva, Nuno Nunes, Tauhid Pasha, Etienne Quillet,

Muhammad Rizki, Steffen Schillinger, Helen Seeger, Raùl Soto and Brian Guthrie

Chapter 3:

Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Guy Abel, Marie McAuliffe, Mark McCarthy, Sanjula Weerasinghe and Adrian Kitimbo

Research assistants and other contributors: Tara Brian, Alexander Doggen, Salvador Gutierrez, Julia Hill-Mlati, Geertrui

Lanneau, Lucie Motuin, Alina Narusova, Charles Obila, Soflane Ouaret, Marco Pedrotti, Eva Pons, Stéphane Rostiaux,

Naomi Shiferaw, Argentina Szabados, Ezequiel Texido, Irina Todorova, Mariko Tomiyama and Vassiliy Yuzhanin

Chapter 4:

Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Marco Pedrotti and Sanjula Weerasinghe

Research assistants and other contributors: Eleni Alexandrou, Kerstin Lau, Graziano Battistella and Maruja M.B.

Asis (Asian and Paciflc Migration Journal), Mulugeta F. Dinbabo (African Human Mobility Review), Howard Duncan

(International Migration), Allan M. Findlay, Carla H. Mulder and Darren P. Smith (Population, Space and Place), Kevin

Hannam and Mimi Sheller (Mobilities), Khalid Koser (Journal of Refugee Studies), Paul Statham (Journal of Ethnic

and Migration Studies), James Landale and Tarika Lall (World Economic Forum), Martyn Pearce (ANU Policy Forum),

Manuel Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue)

Chapter 5:

Global migration governance frameworks: Existing architecture and recent developments

Authors: Susan Martin and Sanjula Weerasinghe

Chapter 6:

Mobility, migration and transnational connectivity Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Alexandra M. Goossens and Anita Sengupta

Research assistants: Marco Pedrotti

Chapter 7:

Understanding migration journeys from migrants' perspectives Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Alexandra M. Goossens and AKM Ahsan Ullah

Other contributors: Appendix on children and migration: Tom Wong, Nadia Hartvisgen and Elizabeth Arroyo

Chapter 8:

Media reporting of migrants and migration

Authors: William Allen, Scott Blinder and Robert McNeil

Research assistants: Nahla Ahsan and Hoor Tariq

Chapter 9:

Migration, violent extremism and social exclusion

Authors: Khalid Koser and Amy Cunningham

Other contributors: Marie McAuliffe and Adrian Kitimbo

Chapter 10:

Migrants and cities: Stepping beyond World Migration Report 2015

Authors: Howard Duncan and Ioana Popp

vWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

Photographs

Cover Top: South Sudanese refugees enter a tent at a way station in Gimbi, Ethiopia.

IOM (Photo: Rikka Tupaz)

Middle: Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The palace is a major attraction for tourists from

around the world.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Bottom: People enjoy a weekend shopping in downtown in Dublin, Ireland.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 1

Lidya immigrated to London, United Kingdom, to study International Relations and Journalism, two fields that

did not have many job opportunities in her homeland of Lithuania. Today, she owns and runs a public relations

firm, which mainly caters to UK clients. She feels that part of her success in London is the result of her exposure

to different cultures, including the British culture, which she credits for helping her understand the various

needs of her UK-based clients.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Part I

People enjoy weekend shopping in downtown Dublin, Ireland - a country with a diverse migrant population.

In the 2016 population census, 12 nationalities with more 10,000 people accounted for 73.6 per cent of all

non-Irish nationals. A further 32 nationalities with populations ranging between 1,001 and 10,000 accounted

for 19.7 per cent. Nationals from over 150 different countries made up the rest of the non-Irish population.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 2

Syrian refugee children get ready for class in Turkey. Many of these children are originally from Aleppo and

escaped the ongoing civil war. Today, the children attend class at the Syrian Social Gathering, a multi-service

centre supported by IOM. The centre provides services to all Syrian refugees, such as free legal advice for women,

adult education in the evenings, and psychosocial care for those who have undergone traumatic experiences in

the Syrian Arab Republic.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 3

A woman and her child pose outside of their makeshift home built from a collection of fabrics inside the Farm

Centre internally displaced persons (IDPs) camp in Maiduguri, Nigeria. She joins several others who have had

their villages razed by the armed group, Boko Haram.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 4

Candida Antonia Basurto Holguín is an 80-year-old Ecuadorian woman who lives in the community of El Juncal,

Tosagua, province of Manabí, Ecuador. She lost her house and belongings during the 2016 7.8 magnitude earthquake

that devastated her community. IOM, the Government of Japan and the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid

and Civil Protection department (ECHO) supported Mrs Basurto by building her temporary shelter.

IOM (Photo:

Carolina Celi)

Part II

The Farm Centre IDP camp is one of several IDP camps in Maiduguri, Nigeria. As the insurgency by Boko Haram

has spread in Northeastern Nigeria, many Nigerians have fled from their villages to Maiduguri, the only safe

haven within Borno state. As the number of IDPs within the state grew, they began to occupy various sites

ranging from public school buildings, incomplete housing projects and farming centres.

IOM (Photo: Muse

Mohammed)

viWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

Chapter 5

The IOM 107th Council at the United Nations Palais in Geneva, Switzerland, which marked the 65th anniversary

of the Organization's founding on 5 December 1951. The Council is the highest authority of IOM and meets for

one regular session annually. Its main functions include determining policy, reviewing reports, approving and

directing the activities of the Standing Committee on Programme and Finance and the Director General, and

reviewing and approving the programme, budget, expenditure and accounts of the Organization.

IOM (Photo:

Amanda Nero)

Chapter 6

Syrian refugees take a moment to photograph the sunset at 30,000 feet. For many, this is their flrst time on

a plane as they fiy to Toronto, Canada. In late 2015, IOM facilitated the resettlement of over 35,000 Syrian

refugees to Canada in a matter of months. Syrians living in countries such as Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey were

fiown to new homes in Canada. With some having waited for years to be resettled, the fiight across the Atlantic

marked the beginning of a new life for them.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 7

Osman was inspired by two-time Olympic bronze medalist Rohullah Nikpai, who is an ethnic Hazara like himself.

"It is not easy being a Hazara in Afghanistan; we are often discriminated against by other ethnic groups and

the Taliban who do not see us as 'real' Afghans," he says. Over the years he graduated his way up to black belt

and won a local competition. Later the Taliban discovered Osman's identity and threatened to kill him, so he

left Afghanistan for Indonesia. He has been awaiting refugee resettlement for several years and uses his time in

South Sulawesi to train the local community in the sport he loves.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 8

Mark is an electronics technician in Dublin, Ireland. Originally from Poland, he moved to Ireland shortly after

his father motivated him to work abroad, arriving in Dublin during the economic boom of 2006. He focuses

largely on repairs and is amazed by the little care many people put into their electronics. He compares this to his

homeland, where people used to be much more careful with their valuables but today simply choose to replace

their electronics with newer ones.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 9

The Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Bentiu, South Sudan was established in December 2013 and currently

houses an estimated 120,000 IDPs. Many people displaced by confiict in South Sudan have increasingly fied to

UN PoC sites for safety. The UN and various humanitarian agencies are working together with the community to

improve the living conditions in the PoC area.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Chapter 10

Toronto, with a population of 2.7 million people (5.9 million in the Greater Toronto Area) is among the most

multicultural cities in the world. In 2006, the City of Toronto was home to almost 8 per cent of Canada's

population, 30 per cent of all recent immigrants and 20 per cent of all immigrants. Toronto is the most

linguistically diverse city in Canada and one of the most diverse in the world, with over 140 different languages

and dialects spoken here.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

References

Children play in the waters of the Carteret Islands, Papua New Guinea.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

Appendices

A Syrian woman looks out towards the Swiss Alps while on her fiight to Toronto. It's her flrst time aboard a fiight

as she heads towards starting a new life with her family in Canada. She is among tens of thousands of Syrians

refugees who were resettled in Canada in 2015 and 2016.

IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed)

viiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018

Table of contents

Editorial, review and production team

................iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................

Contributors

Photographs

List of flgures and tables

..................................viii

List of appendices

Foreword ........................................................................ Chapter 1 - Report overview: Making sense of migration in an increasingly interconnected world .......1

Part I: Data and information on migration ........................................................................

......10 Chapter 2 - Migration and migrants: A global overview

Chapter 3

Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments ...................................43

Chapter 4

Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions .......................95

Part II: Complex and emerging migration issues ................................................................122

Chapter 5 -

Global migration governance frameworks: Existing architecture and recent developments ........................................................................ ...............125 Chapter 6 - Mobility, migration and transnational connectivity

Chapter 7

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