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Within the context of this paper, sustainable development is multi-dimensional growth, lingering progress within

a given society. It presupposes improved standard of living. This paper investigates the place of language in

Indigenous Language System (IKS) within the context of Nigeria's development. Indeed, Indigenous Knowledge

System has political, social, economic, technological, administrative, religious, and a host of other functions

similarities with past ones since the latter are essentially goal-driven improvements on predating ones, as

societies confront the challenges of globalization in medicine, science and technology, politics, etc.

it is logical to submit that indigenous Nigerian languages have roles to play in national cohesion, invention

exhaustive; it is intractable. According to U. Thant cited by Gheddo (1973:1) "Development is imperiled by

those who are trying to overpopularize it. This death will not be a death due to neglect but to an excess of

of instruction in schools and a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools; or whether compulsory

Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) and Sustainable

Development in Nigeria: The Candidature of Language of

Immediate Community (LIC)

Acheoah, John Emike

, Abdullah Sanni 1 , Olaleye Joel Iyiola 2 , Monday Eje 3 1 2 3 *actualemike@gmail.com

Abstract:

be positive or negative, this paper focuses on the positive sense of the term, and therefore depicts development

as growth. The paper hinges on U. Thant's Theory of Development, and argues for the candidature of Language

of Immediate Community (LIC), not as a sole medium of instruction in schools, but as a Nigerian language that

in LIC fosters national cohesion, social mobilization and sustainable development.

Keywords:

www.arjonline.org Page 1

Research Article Open Access

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

ISSN(online)- 2378-9026

Volume 2, 2016, 1- 13 Pages

DOI:10.21694/2378-9026.16001

This paper argues for the review of the roles and position of indigenous languages in Nigeria, hinging basically

Gheddo 1973:1).

According to Stewart"s (ibid.), attributes for classifying languages in a multilingual society include:

Standardization: This concerns evolving a standard orthography (which is acceptable to all members of

the speech community) for the language.

Autonomy: The members of the speech community must view it as a discrete language from other

languages

Historicity:

Vitality:

U. Thant"s theory of development on the other hand, views development as growth rather than change, which

living standard in society. Development is the product of proper planning in governance. Within U. Thant"s

It is our thesis that if the Nigerian child is to be encouraged from the start to develop curiosity, initiative,

co-ordination of the hand and eye, he should acquire these skills and attitude through his mother-tongue;

after all this is the most learning medium. This is where the average European or English child has a decided

advantage over his mother tongue; the latter is busy struggling with a foreign language during the greater

part of his primary education.

students in all indigenous languages in Nigeria, linguists and appropriate departments of government can

because they share more similar linguistic features (phonological, morphological and semantic properties)

pupils" performance in LIC. In tertiary institutions, the General Studies unit can incorporate LIC as a course

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

Page 2

students to graduate, we see no reason why the literacy level in indigenous languages will not increase. Indeed,

worrisome:

“... the problem of the supply of teachers in Nigerian languages represents one of the greatest problems

supply of trained teachers. It is a matter of great regret that, adequate plans were not made for the supply of

of Education. languages of wider communication. country-based language policies: All African language policies should be those that enhance of attaining the visions of Africa; Guidelines for policy formulation should be sanctioned by legislative action; by-side with other languages while integrating with the wider society, within an empowering language policy that caters for communication at local, regional and international levels; A language policy-formulating and monitoring institution/body should be established in each country. policies in Nigeria, including those policies that concern languages. Adegbija (2004, p.34) submits:

Political instability has been a principal impediment to the implementation of language policy in Nigeria.

Previously agreed policies are often abandoned by new regimes and implementation is truncated. There is

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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of indigenous African languages. Given the prominent position of Nigerian languages in multilingual discourses,

Development Research Centre:

and of the functions assigned to the various languages spoken in the same country and, in many cases, by the

same individual.

Across the continent, the language situation varies widely; some countries have only one indigenous language,

languages, such as Nigeria, which has at least 400. This internal complexity is not just a matter of the number of

Colonial structures as well as the challenges of globalization deteriorate the role of indigenous languages in

of indigenous Nigerian languages by assigning functions to them and thus promoting them. Adegbija (2004,

The fact is that if development is to be meaningful, there is no way in which it can be carried out in a language

putting greater emphasis on the use and development of a country"s indigenous languages."

It is unfortunate that attitudinal factors from various sources have been inimical to the growth of indigenous

Attitudes towards languages are motivated by several factors including their socio-economic value, their status-

raising potentials, their perceived instrumental value, their perceive esteem, their perceived functions or roles

Nigerian Languages: The Pedagogical Constraints

study at least one indigenous language which could be the child"s mother tongue or an indigenous language of

wider communication in their immediate communities at the pre-primary, primary, junior secondary school

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

Page 4

partly blamed for the failure to revive indigenous languages in formal education. Adegbija (2004, p.20) frowns

at the failure of the policy in primary education:

indigenous language subjects in schools. It is not enough to employ teachers to teach languages of immediate

instruments that can facilitate literacy in Nigerian languages. Schools should be provided facilities to cope with

languages are not sub-standard grammar. They are not taboos. The pre-established culture of relegating

etc. can be organized to polish the image of Nigerian languages both within and outside the country. We do

Nigerian Languages an

towards broad-based education. There is no need to worry over the fact that this proposal falls short of the

the revival of indigenous languages in Nigeria. UNL is not to be compared with other universities in Nigeria,

teaching and learning of Nigerian languages. It is worrisome, that instead of promoting the teaching of minority

languages in Nigeria, Departments of Linguistics of Nigerian universities concentrate on teaching and learning

of those minor Nigerian languages that are fast-becoming endangered species.

personnel to teach Nigerian languages, academics in Departments of Linguistics can begin intensive research

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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and UNL proposals productive is to expand the human facilitators who use the classrooms. School authorities

can collaborate with the government in using scholarships to promote literacy in indigenous languages. Acheoah

promote learning in general and the learning of Nigerian languages is not an exception.

Till date, the government is running a futile mission towards nation-building. This paper contends that

literacy, Nigeria"s overall development will be crippled. It is urgent and necessary to teach the languages of

cases. So long as Nigeria"s education system evolves productive ways of teaching the countries indigenous

Those who emphasize the divisive potential of indigenous languages as a reason for dislodging them in formal

education are pessimists. This paper proposes that language planning decisions can explore the psychological

posits: “Tolerance and generosity towards linguistic minorities promotes good majority-minority relations

Indeed, “there is parallelism between the thoughts of a nation and its language, and language is the medium

positions on this.

proposal provided the right measures are put in place to implement it; some states of Nigeria have a dominant

student is made to study the language (dialect) even though it is not his/her language. This practice will create

bilinguals and multi-lingual"s (polyglots). It will also promote cultural tolerance, linguistic tolerance, peace,

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

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universities and Universities of Nigerian Languages across each state capital will be additional strides in the

mission to enhance literacy in Nigerian languages. While General Studies Units should concentrate on languages

of immediate communities, Departments of Linguistics and Universities of Nigerian Languages will extend their

focus on LIC to also teach and promote other Nigerian languages. The University of Nigerian Languages is solely

particularly the minority ones from extinction.

State, communities such as Auchi, Afuze, Agenebode, etc. can teach LIC Auchi (as Standard Afenmai). In cases

which are collectively called Afenmai have dialects with so much divergent phonological and morphological

writing in Nigerian languages.

Language anchors and conveys cultures of people across races and generations. Thus, language retention is

based on Maori culture revitalized the culture. Te Kohanga explored the community inclusivity principle (which

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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The Canadian Indigenous Languages and Literacy Development Institute (CILLDI) was established in 1999 to

made by CILLDI is worthy of scholarly attention. country. The statistics presented on some minority languages in the country is as follows:

Is it not necessary to promote indigenous Nigerian languages to the extent that they can be relevant in

Why do Nigerian literary writers rely on local languages in the communication of themes despite that they

Why are some radio and television programmers presented and preferred in indigenous Nigerian

exposure, whereas indigenous Nigerian languages and their conventions are native to Nigerians; contrastive

(a majority Nigerian language).

through formal education. Although literacy (ability to write) in Nigerian languages is not commendable, many

languages can be enhanced. The fact that indigenous Nigerian languages perform vital intra-ethnic functions

It is often said that provision of funds and incentives to promote indigenous Nigerian languages is a waste of

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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resource. This claim is profoundly unacceptable. Nigeria has enough resources to revive its indigenous languages.

leadership is sincere and corruption-free in Nigeria, funds will not be provided for meaningful projects such as

It is often said that indigenous languages breed resentments and have divisive potentials. Those who subscribe

products of ethnic (undemocratic) politics and leadership driven by regional ties and sentiments. We have

the allocation of portfolio and resources of the nation to other regions or ethnic groups.

Nigerian indigenous languages are so communicatively potent that they should not be relegated to the

to cope with the monster, globalization (science and technology). The more Nigerian languages are assigned

rhetoric, science and technology. Indeed, the pragma-lexico-semantic credentials of indigenous Nigerian

languages are evident in a wide range of discourses, including proverbs. The generation and articulation of

Nigerians.

dominant in discourses expressed in Nigerian languages. A wide range of strategies of rhetoric are exhibited

the meanings (semantic components) are not always denotative. Mutual contextual beliefs among interlocutors

facilitate pragmatic shift from conventional meanings of words unto context-driven meanings that register

meaning of a sentence is determined by the set of acts it performs in communicative situations) and context

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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The practices in formal education in Nigeria reveal that indigenous languages in the country are downtrodden;

Nigerian counterparts who teach in such schools. This is the situation, even in cases where such Nigerian

situation is that they expose the pin numbers of their ATM cards to those who assist them in performing their

that it should be so. Scholars have expressed the need for the development of ATM interface technologies which

are expressed in indigenous languages. Teaching and learning Language of Immediate Community can promote

literacy level in Nigerian languages so much that even students who are not natives of a particular ethnic group

will be exposed to reading and writing in the language of such an ethnic group. Through this, bilinguals and

multi-lingual"s (polyglots) will become common in Nigeria. Learners of languages that are not their native

languages can end up performing better in such languages. In the long run, tribal sentiments, resentments and

divisive tendencies will pave way for national cohesion and sustainable development.

they are literates in such Mother tongues when obviously, they cannot write in same. The age-long tenacious

cleavage which Nigerian languages have in oral tradition is believed to be the reason for low literacy in Mother

Tongue as a National Language has remained a matter of rhetoric and intellectual tournament for decades. So

long as success is the aggregate of inputs, Nigeria can revive the roles and status of indigenous language with

Nigerian scholars is often used to establish class dichotomy; poor, miserable, uneducated characters are made

was translated into. Why can"t Nigerian writers become literates in Mother Tongues, thereby exhibiting their

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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Indeed, Nigerian languages are autonomous, have historical roots and play vital socio-cultural roles in the

This submission is crucial, given the fact that such languages are vital resources for national development;

The implications of repositioning indigenous languages in Nigeria are numerous: it leads to standardization,

oral competence in language to literacy in reading and writing as well as expansion of the literary potentials of

indigenous languages.

ʹͲͳͷ2.

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Studies Institute, Georgia, Athens, USA, held at the Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria between 20

th and 23
rd

ʹͲͲͻ5.

ʹͲͲ͸6.

th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, pp. 129-132.

ʹͲͳ͵7.

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

Page 11

ͳͻͻͺ9.

ͳͻͻͺ10.

ʹͲͳͲ11.

ʹͲͳͲ12.

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291-299.

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Declaration.htm. p.2, 1997.

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th URL:http//www.ethnologue.com/show language .aspα

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Centre.

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Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ilorin, p.144.

ͳ24.

th ʹͲͲͺȀȀȀȀ͵ͳͲͺ͸ʹͲͳͳl, p.1 The Asmara Declaration on African Languages and Literatures, [www document] URL: 25. http://www.

ȀȀm p.1

American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

Page 12

Citation: Acheoah, John Emike,

Copyright © 2016 Acheoah, John Emike

original work is properly cited. www document] URL: ȀȀȀȀʹͲͲʹȀ2

ͳͻͷ͵27.

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American Research Journal of English and Literature(ARJEL)

Volume 2, 2016

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