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ENVI Version 4.1

September 2004 Edition

Copyright © Research Systems, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

ENVI User's

Guide

0904ENV41USR

Restricted Rights Notice

The ENVI

, IDL , ION Script™, and ION Java™ software programs and the accompanying pro- cedures, functions, and documentation described herein are sold under license agreement. Their use, duplication, and disclosure are subject to the restrictions stated in the license agreement. Research System, Inc., reserves the right to make changes to this document at any time and without notice.

Limitation of Warranty

Research Systems, Inc. makes no warranties, either express or implied, as to any matter not

expressly set forth in the license agreement, including without limitation the condition of the soft-

ware, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. Research Systems, Inc. shall not be liable for any direct, consequential, or other damages suffered by the Licensee or any others resulting from use of the ENVI, IDL, and ION software packages or their documentation.

Permission to Reproduce this Manual

If you are a licensed user of these products, Research Systems, Inc. grants you a limited, nontrans- ferable license to reproduce this particular document provided such copies are for your use only

and are not sold or distributed to third parties. All such copies must contain the title page and this

notice page in their entirety.

Acknowledgments

ENVI and IDL

are registered trademarks of Research Systems Inc., registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office,

for the computer program described herein. ION™, ION Script™, ION Java™, Dancing Pixels, Pixel Purity Index, PPI, n-Dimen-

sional Visualizer, Spectral Analyst, Spectral Feature Fitting, SFF, Mixture-Tuned Matched Filtering, MTMF, 3D SurfaceView, Band

Math, Spectral Math, ENVI Extension, Empirical Flat Field Optimal Reflectance Transformation (EFFORT), Virtual Mosaic, and

ENVI NITF Module are trademarks of Research Systems, Inc.

Numerical Recipes™ is a trademark of Numerical Recipes Software. Numerical Recipes routines are used by permission.

GRG2™ is a trademark of Windward Technologies, Inc. The GRG2 software for nonlinear optimization is used by permission.

NCSA Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) Software Library and Utilities Copyright © 1988-1998 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

All rights reserved.

NCSA HDF5 (Hierarchical Data Format 5) Software Library and Utilities

Copyright 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. All rights reserved.

CDF Library

Copyright

1999 National Space Science Data Center, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

NetCDF Library

Copyright © 1993-1996 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Unidata

HDF EOS Library

Copyright © 1996 Hughes and Applied Research Corporation This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group. Portions of this software are copyrighted by INTERSOLV, Inc., 1991-1998.

Use of this software for providing LZW capability for any purpose is not authorized unless user first enters into a license agreement

with Unisys under U.S. Patent No. 4,558,302 and foreign counterparts. For information concerning licensing, please contact: Unisys

Corporation, Welch Licensing Department - C1SW19, Township Line & Union Meeting Roads, P.O. Box 500, Blue Bell, PA 19424.

Portions of this computer program are copyright © 1995-1999 LizardTech, Inc. All rights reserved. MrSID is protected by U.S. Patent

No. 5,710,835. Foreign Patents Pending.

This product includes software developed by the Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/)

Portions of ENVI were developed using Unisearch's Kakadu software, for which RSI has a commercial license. Kakadu Software.

Copyright © 2001. The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, and Unisearch Ltd, Australia.

MODTRAN is licensed from the United States of America under U.S. Patent No. 5,315,513 and U.S. Patent No. 5,884,226.

FLAASH is licensed from Spectral Sciences, Inc. under a U.S. Patent Pending. Other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders.

ENVI User's Guide3

Contents

Chapter 1:

Getting Started with ENVI ..................................................................... 13

Introduction to ENVI ....................................................................................................... 14

ENVI, ENVI RT, and IDL .............................................................................................. 15

General Review of ENVI Functionality .......................................................................... 16

Starting ENVI .................................................................................................................. 19

ENVI Graphical User Interface (GUI) ............................................................................ 21

General Image Display Concepts .................................................................................... 23

Data Management ............................................................................................................ 28

Memory Management ..................................................................................................... 31

ENVI Basics .................................................................................................................... 32

ENVI File Formats .......................................................................................................... 46

ENVI Supported Input File Formats ............................................................................... 50

ENVI Supported Output File Formats ............................................................................. 54

4

ContentsENVI User's Guide

Reporting Problems ......................................................................................................... 55

Can We Be of Service? .................................................................................................... 57

Chapter 2:

File Management .................................................................................. 59

The File Menu .................................................................................................................. 60

Opening Image Files ........................................................................................................ 61

Opening Vector Files ....................................................................................................... 63

Opening External Files .................................................................................................... 66

Opening Previous Files .................................................................................................. 103

Editing ENVI Headers ................................................................................................... 104

Generating Test Data ..................................................................................................... 122

Using the Data Viewer ................................................................................................... 125

Saving Files .................................................................................................................... 127

Importing IDL Variables ................................................................................................ 135

Exporting to IDL Variables ........................................................................................... 136

Compiling IDL Code ..................................................................................................... 137

IDL CPU Parameters ..................................................................................................... 138

Tape Utilities .................................................................................................................. 141

The Scan Directory List ................................................................................................. 166

Working With Files and Scripts ..................................................................................... 170

Using the ENVI Queue Manager ................................................................................... 172

Logging Processing Information .................................................................................... 173

Setting ENVI Preferences .............................................................................................. 174

Chapter 3:

Display Management .......................................................................... 181

The Window Menu ........................................................................................................ 182

Using the Window Finder .............................................................................................. 183

Starting New Displays ................................................................................................... 184

Starting New Vector Windows ...................................................................................... 184

Starting New Plot Windows ........................................................................................... 184

The Available Files List ................................................................................................. 185

The Available Bands List ............................................................................................... 189

ENVI Image Display Windows ..................................................................................... 199

The Available Vectors List ............................................................................................ 212

5

ENVI User's GuideContents

ENVI Vector Windows ................................................................................................. 220

Tools for Maintaining Your Display ............................................................................. 224

Chapter 4:

Interactive Display Functions ............................................................ 229

The Display Menu Bar .................................................................................................. 230

Display Functions .......................................................................................................... 232

Creating Vector Layers ................................................................................................. 233

Saving Display Groups .................................................................................................. 234

Setting Display Preferences ........................................................................................... 235

Overlays ......................................................................................................................... 238

Annotating Images ........................................................................................................ 240

Overlaying Classes ........................................................................................................ 265

Plotting Contour Lines .................................................................................................. 272

Interactive Density Slicing ............................................................................................ 279

Grid Lines ...................................................................................................................... 284

Defining Regions of Interest ......................................................................................... 289

Creating QuickMaps ...................................................................................................... 320

Overlaying Vectors ........................................................................................................ 325

Contrast Stretching and Quick Filtering ........................................................................ 354

Applying Display Filters ............................................................................................... 355

Applying Default (Quick) Stretches .............................................................................. 356

Matching Histograms .................................................................................................... 358

Using Interactive Stretching .......................................................................................... 359

Interactive Analysis Tools ............................................................................................. 371

Display Linking and Dynamic Overlays ....................................................................... 372

Interactive Profiles and Spectral Plots ........................................................................... 377

Using Interactive Plot Functions ................................................................................... 387

Extracting Polarization Signatures ................................................................................ 403

Color Mapping .............................................................................................................. 404

Using the Pixel Locator ................................................................................................. 410

Collecting Points ........................................................................................................... 412

Building Masks .............................................................................................................. 415

Measurement Tool ......................................................................................................... 415

Using the Line of Sight Calculator ................................................................................ 416

Using the Spatial Pixel Editor ....................................................................................... 418

6

ContentsENVI User's Guide

Using the Spectral Pixel Editor ...................................................................................... 421

Creating Animations ...................................................................................................... 422

Using Two-Dimensional Scatter Plots ........................................................................... 427

Three-Dimensional Surface Views ................................................................................ 438

Managing Displays ........................................................................................................ 439

Display Output Options ................................................................................................. 446

Chapter 5:

Basic Tools .......................................................................................... 457

The Basic Tools Menu ................................................................................................... 458

Resizing Data (Spatial/Spectral) .................................................................................... 459

Subsetting Data via ROIs ............................................................................................... 467

Rotating Images ............................................................................................................. 468

Layer Stacking ............................................................................................................... 470

Converting Data (BSQ, BIL, BIP) ................................................................................. 472

Stretching Data ............................................................................................................... 474

Statistics ......................................................................................................................... 476

Change Detection Analysis ............................................................................................ 487

Using the Measurement Tool ......................................................................................... 497

Band Math ...................................................................................................................... 500

Spectral Math ................................................................................................................. 517

Segmenting Images ........................................................................................................ 518

Regions of Interest ......................................................................................................... 520

Mosaicking Images ........................................................................................................ 526

Masking .......................................................................................................................... 527

Calibration Utilities ........................................................................................................ 534

General Purpose Utilities ............................................................................................... 551

Data-Specific Utilities .................................................................................................... 558

Chapter 6:

Classification ...................................................................................... 575

The Classification Menu ................................................................................................ 576

Collecting Endmember Spectra ..................................................................................... 577

Supervised Classification ............................................................................................... 594

Unsupervised Classification ........................................................................................... 611

Decision Tree Classifier ................................................................................................. 617

7

ENVI User's GuideContents

Creating Class Images from ROIs ................................................................................. 627

Post Classification ......................................................................................................... 628

Chapter 7:

Transforms ........................................................................................... 663

The Transforms Menu ................................................................................................... 664

Image Sharpening .......................................................................................................... 665

Calculating Band Ratios ................................................................................................ 672

Principal Component Analysis ...................................................................................... 675

Minimum Noise Fraction Transform ............................................................................ 682

Color Transforms .......................................................................................................... 695

Applying Decorrelation Stretch ..................................................................................... 701

Applying Photographic Stretch ..................................................................................... 702

Applying Saturation Stretch .......................................................................................... 703

Creating Synthetic Color Images .................................................................................. 704

Calculating Vegetation Indices ..................................................................................... 706

Chapter 8:

Filters ................................................................................................... 711

The Filter Menu ............................................................................................................. 712

Convolution Filters ........................................................................................................ 713

Morphology Filters ........................................................................................................ 718

Using Texture Filters ..................................................................................................... 723

Using Adaptive Filters ................................................................................................... 728

Using Frequency Filters (FFTs) .................................................................................... 737

Chapter 9:

Spectral Tools ...................................................................................... 743

The Spectral Menu ........................................................................................................ 744

Spectral Libraries .......................................................................................................... 746

Spectral Slices ............................................................................................................... 754

MNF Rotations .............................................................................................................. 757

Pixel Purity Index .......................................................................................................... 758

The n-Dimensional Visualizer ....................................................................................... 763

Mapping Methods .......................................................................................................... 777

Finding Targets with BandMax ..................................................................................... 795

Spectral Hourglass Wizard ............................................................................................ 809

8

ContentsENVI User's Guide

Spectral Analyst ............................................................................................................. 820

Multi Range SFF ............................................................................................................ 826

Extracting Endmembers with SMACC .......................................................................... 828

Spectral Math ................................................................................................................. 833

Resampling Spectral Data Files ..................................................................................... 840

Gram-Schmidt Spectral Sharpening .............................................................................. 840

PC Spectral Sharpening ................................................................................................. 841

CN Spectral Sharpening ................................................................................................. 841

EFFORT Polishing ......................................................................................................... 842

Generating Image Cubes ................................................................................................ 847

Spectral Tools References .............................................................................................. 849

Chapter 10:

Map Tools ............................................................................................ 853

The Map Menu ............................................................................................................... 854

Registration .................................................................................................................... 855

Orthorectification ........................................................................................................... 875

Image Mosaicking .......................................................................................................... 888

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