[PDF] Magic Squares 2011?10?2? An n-





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Least Squares

17 сент. 2013 г. The MAtlAB function polyfit computes least squares polynomial fits by setting up the design matrix and using backslash to find the ...



Magic Squares Magic Squares

2 окт. 2011 г. Write a MAtlAB function ismagic(A) that checks if A is a magic square. 10.2 Magic sum. Show that. 1 n n2. ∑ k=1 k = n3 + n. 2 . 10.3 durerperm ...



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2 окт. 2011 г. Matlab responds with x = 3. Next enter this statement x = sqrt(1 + x). The abbreviation sqrt is the Matlab name for the square root function.



Total Least Squares Approach to Modeling: A Matlab Toolbox Total Least Squares Approach to Modeling: A Matlab Toolbox

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Magic Squares

2011?10?2? An n-by-n magic square is an array containing the integers from 1 to n2 ... squares of order n but the MAtlAB function magic(n) generates a ...



Least Squares

2013?9?17? The MAtlAB function polyfit computes least squares polynomial fits by setting up the design matrix and using backslash to find the ...



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Eigenvalues and Singular Values

2013?9?16? A singular value and pair of singular vectors of a square or ... qr function in Matlab factors any matrix real or complex



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Ann-by-nmagic square is an array containing the integers from 1 ton2arranged so that each of the rows each of the columns and the two principaldiagonals have the same sum For eachn >2 there are many di?erent magicsquares of ordern but theMatlabfunctionmagic(n)generates a particular one Matlabcan generate Lo Shu with = magic(3) which produces



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Searches related to function square matlab filetype:pdf

MATLAB is installed on the engineering instructional facility You can find it in the Start>Programs menu You can also install MATLAB on your own computer This is a somewhat involved process –you need to first register your name at mathworks then wait until they create an account for you there then download MATLAB and activate it

What are the functions of MATLAB?

  • MATLAB Function Example Handout. MatLab is a high performance numeric computing environment, which includes numerical analysis, matrix computation, signal processing, and graphics to provide answers to the most troubling of mathematical problems. This handout provides different examples to show the different aspects of MatLab.

How to generate unit step function in MATLAB?

  • function [x]=unitstep (x) %This is a unit step "function". The vector keeping track of time is the %input. If time is negative then a zero is returned. If time is zero than %0.5 is returned.

How to generate square wave in MATLAB?

  • Square wave is generated using “square” function in Matlab. The command sytax – square (t,dutyCycle) – generates a square wave with period for the given time base. The command behaves similar to “ sin ” command (used for generating sine waves), but in this case it generates a square wave instead of a sine wave.

Chapter 10

Magic Squares

With origins in centuries old recreational mathematics, magic squares demonstrate

Matlabarray operations.

Figure 10.1.Lo Shu. (Thanks to Byerly Wiser Cline.) Magic squares predate recorded history. An ancient Chinese legend tells of a turtle emerging from the Lo river during a flood. The turtle's shell showed a very unusual pattern - a three-by-three grid containing various numbers of spots. Of

Copyright

c⃝2011 Cleve Moler

Matlab

R⃝is a registered trademark of MathWorks, Inc.TM

October 2, 2011

1

2Chapter 10. Magic Squares

course, we do not have any eye-witness accounts, so we can only imagine that the turtle looked like figure 10.1. Each of the three rows, the three columns, and the two diagonals contain a total of 15 spots. References to Lo Shu and the Lo Shu numerical pattern occur throughout Chinese history. Today, it is the mathematical basis forFeng Shui, the philosophy of balance and harmony in our surroundings and lives. Ann-by-nmagic square is an array containing the integers from 1 ton2, arranged so that each of the rows, each of the columns, and the two principal diagonals have the same sum. For eachn >2, there are many different magic squares of ordern, but theMatlabfunctionmagic(n)generates a particular one.

Matlabcan generate Lo Shu with

A = magic(3)

which produces A = 8 1 6 3 5 7 4 9 2

The command

sum(A) sums the elements in each column to produce

15 15 15

The command

sum(A')' transposes the matrix, sums the columns of the transpose, and then transposes the results to produce the row sums 15 15 15

The command

sum(diag(A)) sums the main diagonal of A, which runs from upper left to lower right, to produce 15 The opposite diagonal, which runs from upper right to lower left, is less important in linear algebra, so finding its sum is a little trickier. One way to do it makes use of the function that "flips" a matrix "upside-down." 3 sum(diag(flipud(A))) produces 15 This verifies thatAhas equal row, column, and diagonal sums.

Why is the magic sum equal to 15? The command

sum(1:9) tells us that the sum of the integers from1to9is45. If these integers are allocated to 3 columns with equal sums, that sum must be sum(1:9)/3 which is15. There are eight possible ways to place a transparency on an overhead projec- tor. Similarly, there are eight magic squares of order three that are rotations and reflections ofA. The statements for k = 0:3 rot90(A,k) rot90(A',k) end display all eight of them.

8 1 68 3 4

3 5 71 5 9

4 9 26 7 2

6 7 24 9 2

1 5 93 5 7

8 3 48 1 6

2 9 42 7 6

7 5 39 5 1

6 1 84 3 8

4 3 86 1 8

9 5 17 5 3

2 7 62 9 4

These are all the magic squares of order three. The 5 is always in the center, the other odd numbers are always in the centers of the edges, and the even numbers are always in the corners. Melancholia I is a famous Renaissance engraving by the German artist and amateur mathematician Albrecht D¨urer. It shows many mathematical objects, in- cluding a sphere, a truncated rhombohedron, and, in the upper right hand corner, a magic square of order 4. You can see the engraving in our figure 10.2. Better yet, issue theseMatlabcommands

4Chapter 10. Magic Squares

Figure 10.2.Albrect Durer's Melancolia, 1514.

load durer whos

You will see

X648x5092638656 double array

caption2x28112 char array map128x33072 double array The elements of the arrayXare indices into the gray-scale color map namedmap.

The image is displayed with

image(X) colormap(map) axis image Click the magnifying glass with a "+" in the toolbar and use the mouse to zoom in on the magic square in the upper right-hand corner. The scanning resolution becomes evident as you zoom in. The commands load detail 5

Figure 10.3.Detail from Melancolia.

image(X) colormap(map) axis image display the higher resolution scan of the area around the magic square that we have in figure 10.3.

The command

A = magic(4)

produces a 4-by-4 magic square. A =

16 2 3 13

5 11 10 8

9 7 6 12

4 14 15 1

The commands

sum(A), sum(A'), sum(diag(A)), sum(diag(flipud(A))) yield enough34's to verify thatAis indeed a magic square. The 4-by-4 magic square generated byMatlabis not the same as D¨urer's magic square. We need to interchange the second and third columns.

A = A(:,[1 3 2 4])

6Chapter 10. Magic Squares

changesAto A =

16 3 2 13

5 10 11 8

9 6 7 12

4 15 14 1

Interchanging columns does not change the column sums or the row sums. It usually changes the diagonal sums, but in this case both diagonal sums are still 34. So now our magic square matches the one in D¨urer's etching. D¨urer probably chose this particular 4-by-4 square because the date he did the work, 1514, occurs in the middle of the bottom row. The programdurerperminterchanges rows and columns in the image produced fromdetailby interchanging groups of rows and columns in the arrayX. This is not especially important or useful, but it provides an interesting exercise. We have seen two different 4-by-4 magic squares. It turns out that there are

880 different magic squares of order 4 and 275305224 different magic squares of

order 5. Determining the number of different magic squares of order 6 or larger is an unsolved mathematical problem.

For a magic square of ordern, the magic sum is

(n) =1 n n

2∑

k=1k which turns out to be (n) =n3+n 2 Here is the beginning of a table of values of the magic sum. n (n) 3 15 4 34 5 65 6 111 7 175 8 260

You can compute(n) inMatlabwith either

sum(diag(magic(n))) or (n^3 + n)/2 The algorithms for generating matrix square fall into three distinct cases: 7 odd,nis odd. singly-even,nis divisible by 2, but not by 4. doubly-even,nis divisible by 4. The best known algorithm for generating magic squares of odd order is de La Loubere's method. Simon de La Loubere was the French ambassador to Siam in the late 17th century. I sometimes refer to his method as the "nor'easter algorithm", after the winter storms that move northeasterly up the coast of New England. You can see why if you follow the integers sequentially throughmagic(9).

47 58 69 80 1 12 23 34 45

57 68 79 9 11 22 33 44 46

67 78 8 10 21 32 43 54 56

77 7 18 20 31 42 53 55 66

6 17 19 30 41 52 63 65 76

16 27 29 40 51 62 64 75 5

26 28 39 50 61 72 74 4 15

36 38 49 60 71 73 3 14 25

37 48 59 70 81 2 13 24 35

The integers from 1 ton2are inserted along diagonals, starting in the middle of first row and heading in a northeasterly direction. When you go off an edge of the array, which you do at the very first step, continue from the opposite edge. When you bump into a cell that is already occupied, drop down one row and continue. We used this algorithm inMatlabfor many years. Here is the code.

A = zeros(n,n);

i = 1; j = (n+1)/2; for k = 1:n^2 is = i; js = j;

A(i,j) = k;

i = n - rem(n+1-i,n); j = rem(j,n) + 1; if A(i,j) ~= 0 i = rem(is,n) + 1; j = js; end endquotesdbs_dbs5.pdfusesText_9
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