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Telecommunications/ICTs

for rural and remote areas

Study period 2018-2021

for the study period 2018-2021

ISBN 978-92-61-34591-4 (Electronic version)

ISBN 978-92-61-34601-0 (EPUB version)

ISBN 978-92-61-34611-9 (Mobi version)

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The study groups of the ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) provide a neutral platform where experts from governments, industry, telecommunication organizations and academia from around the world gather to produce practical and resources to address development issues. To that end, the two ITU-D study groups are responsible for developing reports, guidelines and recommendations based on input received from thea membership. Questions for study are decided every four years at the World Telecommunaication Development Conference (WTDC). The ITU membership, assembled at WTDC-17 in Buenos aAires in October

2017, agreed that for the period 2018-2021, Study Group 1 would deal witah seven Questions

within the overall scope of “enabling environment for the developmenta of telecommunications/ information and communication technologies."

This report was prepared in response to

and remote areasSunder the overall guidance and coordination of the management team of ITU-D Study Group 1 led by Ms Regina Fleur Assoumou-Bessout(Côte d'Ivoire), as Chairman, supported by the following Vice-Chairmen: Ms Sameera Belal Momen Mohammadt(Kuwait); MrtAmah Vinyo Capot(Togo); Mr Ahmed Abdel Aziz Gadt(Egypt); Mr Roberto Hirayamat(Brazil); MrtVadim Kapturt(Ukraine); Mr Yasuhiko Kawasumit(Japan); Mr Sangwon Kot(Republic of Korea);

Ms Anastasia Sergeyevna Konukhovat(Russian Federation); Mr Víctor Martínezt(Paraguay); MrtPeter

Stefanics t(Hungary) (resigned in 2018) and Mr Almaz Tilenbaevt(Kyrgyzstan). The report was authored by the co-Rapporteurs for Question 5/1 Ms Caecilia Nyamutswat(Zimbabwe) and Mr Khalil Alsobhit(Saudi Arabia), in collaboration with Vice-Rapporteurs: Mr Ja Heung Koot(Republic of Korea); Mr Yasuhiko Kawasumit(Japan), Mr Turhan Mulukt(Intel Corporation, United States); Mr Edva Altemart(Haiti); Mr Babou Sarrt(Senegal); Ms Li Zhangt(China); Ms Stella Kipsaitat(Kenya); Ms Justina Tumaini Mashibat(Tanzania); Mr Karma Tenzin (Bhutan (resigned in

2020)); Mr Oumar Sidi Alyt(Mali); Mr Cissé Kanet(African Civil Society on the Information Society

(ACSIS)); Mr Karma Jamyangt(Bhutan) and Ms Hande Bayrakt(Tüark Telekom, Turkey). Special thanks go to chapter coordinators and to Mr Mohit Bansal (India) for their dedication, support and expertise. This report has been prepared with the support of the ITU-D study group focal points, the editors as well as the publication production team and ITU-D study group secretaariat.

Acknowledgments ........................................................................a.................................................iii

List of table and Sgures ........................................................................a........................................vii

Executive summary ........................................................................a..............................................viii

Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................a.................................x

Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................a............................1

1.1 Overview of ndings from the previous study period (2014-2017) and

lessons learnt .......................................................................a...................................................1

1.2 Gaps requiring attention during the current study (2018-2021) ..........................2 1.3 Statement of the situation: Scope of the current Question and other

issues requiring attention .......................................................................a..............................2

1.4

Methodology used by the group .......................................................................a.......3

1.5 Deployment of rural connectivity for achieving the United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)........................................................................a.....3

Chapter 2: ICT requirements of people living in rural and remote

communities .......................................................................a...............................................4

2.1 Changing social trends and speci c needs calling for vendor

development of suitable services .......................................................................a.................4

2.2 Changing economic environment and economic needs ......................................4 2.3 E-services requirements for rural and remote areas ..............................................5 2.4

Demand for multimedia services .......................................................................a.......5

2.5 Opportunities and challenges related to access to ICTs in relevant

local languages .......................................................................a...............................................5

2.6 Analysis of case studies, with emphasis on cases relating to indigenous communities, isolated and poorly served areas, LDCs, SIDS anda Chapter 3: Available, affordable, accessible and sustainable solutions to

connect rural and remote areas .......................................................................a..............7

3.1 Requisite infrastructure for the deployment of ICTs for rural and

remote areas .......................................................................a....................................................7

3.2 Environmental and social challenges impacting on infrastructure

deployment for Sxed and mobile networks .......................................................................a8

3.3 Challenges in establishing and upgrading Infrastructure .....................................8

Table of contents

3.5

Sustainable solutions ........................................................................a.............................9

3.6 Available and accessible solutions and systems that address

connectivity challenges in rural and remote areas ...........................................................10

Chapter 4:fiDemand, cost and nancing mechanisms for connecting rur al

and remote areas .......................................................................a......................................11

..........11 4.2 Investment and cost priorities based on economic and social indicators ...........13 4.3 Financing mechanisms (subsidies, etc.) for connecting rural and

remote areas .......................................................................a...................................................13

4.4 Partnerships to enable connectivity for rural and remote areas ...........................16 Chapter 5: Technologies to connect rural and remote areas ....................................19 ......19 5.2

Backhaul technologies .......................................................................a........................21

5.3

Access technologies ........................................................................a...........................24

Chapter 6: Services and applications for rural and remote areas.............................32 v 6.2 Complementary access and village connectivity networks ...................................34 6.3

Types of access and exchange points .....................................................................35

6.4 Strategies to promote small complementary operators ........................................36 6.5

Strategies to localize content ........................................................................a............36

6.6

Quality of service and sustainability .......................................................................a..37

Chapter 7: Knowledge development, capacity building and training for

increased access .......................................................................a........................................38

7.1

Skills requirements ........................................................................a..............................38

7.2

Human resources development .......................................................................a.........39

Chapter 8: Policies and regulations for telecommunications/ICT in rural

and remote areas .......................................................................a......................................42

8.1

Universal service policies and regulations ...............................................................43

8.2

Policy assistance to other countries .......................................................................a...45

8.3 Other key Sndings and conclusions from various contributions .........................46

Chapter 9: Conclusions and guidelines .......................................................................a.49

9.1

Conclusions ........................................................................a.........................................49

9.2

Guidelines for Member States ........................................................................a...........52

Annex 1: Case studies presented by Member States/Sector Members/Associat es/

Academia, and their regions ........................................................................a.................................55

Annex 2: Summary of the contents of case studies and input documents

submitted during the study period ........................................................................a......................62

Annex 3: Map of the global submarine cable network .............................................................83

Annex 4: List of submarine cables (A-Y) ........................................................................a..............84

Table

Table 1: Technologies used for broadband connections ...................................................20

Figure 1: Mobile and fixed network architecture for rural and remote a reas ..................21

Figure 2: Global backhaul landscape .......................................................................a.............22

Figure 3: Backhaul technologies used for connecting rural and remote areaas ...............22 Figure 4: Access technologies used for connecting rural and remote areasa...................24 Figuret5: Schematic diagram of existing wireless network structure ina rural areas.........26 Figure 6: High-gain, narrow-beam antennas on a high-ground strategicallya

placed tower .......................................................................a.......................................................30

vii

Executive summary

areas for the study period 2018-2021. The report comprises nine chapters, covering an introduction, Sndingsa of the previous studies and the scope of the current study; requirements for people in rural anda remote areas; solutions for the information and communication technology (ICT) connection of raural and remote areas, as well as small island states; demand, cost and Snancing mechanisms afor the deployment of ICTs; relevant technologies; relevant services and applications; capaacity building; policies necessary to connect rural and remote areas; and conclusions and recommeandations. The contents of the chapters are based on written contributions from ITUa Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) members who participated in the meetings unader the Question and meetings of ITU-D Study Groupt1, representing ITU Member States, Sector Members and Academia, as well as the panel discussion hosted under the Question on 25tSeptember 2019. 1 2 Most of the contributions were of a case-study nature. An overview analyasis of the case studies is made in Chaptert2, backed up by more speciSc analysis in the chapters to which each caase study is particularly relevant. An effort was made to draw on every contaribution submitted in compiling the report. The report formulates critical Sndings in Chaptaert9 and offers guidelines that can be followed by Member States, Sector Members and telecommunicataion/ICT service providers.

Lessons learnt

There is need for further studies focusing on access to broadband services and how emerging technologies can be used to transform rural and remote areas inato digital economies. - There is no one-size-Sts-all model for Snancing rural connectivitya and engaging all stakeholders, but creating public-private partnerships (PPP) provides a workable solution. - Community networks are an important part of connectivity ecosystems, anda they help bridge the digital divide. - While 4G is the predominant technology for connectivity in the world, a anumber of countries are turning to 5G for connectivity in rural areas. - The establishment of community telecentres or information centres is helaping to achieve universal service for many countries and is key to attainment ofa the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs).

- ICT community information centres are useful in training communities to abecome ICT literate. - The principle of universal access has proven to be an essential developmaent tool, and proper use of universal service/access funds offers a good opportunity faor economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. 1 Rapporteur Group for Questiont5/1 meeting reports: (1) 1 May 2018 (Geneva): ITU-D SG1 Document 1/ REP/5(Rev.2) ; (2) 21 September 2018 (Geneva): ITU-D SG1 Document SG1RGQ1/REP/5; (3) 19 March 2019 (Geneva): ITU-D SG1 Document 1/REP/13(Rev.2) ; (4) 24 September 2019 (Geneva): ITU-D SG1 Document SG1RGQ/REP/12; (5) 18 February 2020 (Geneva): ITU-D SG1 Document 1/REP/21+Annex; (6) 22 and 23 September 2020 (virtual meeting): ITU-D SG1 Document SGRGQ1/REP/19 2 Report on the Question 5/1 workshop held on 25 September 2019 (Geneva)a: ITU-D SG1 Document 1/308 - Connectivity efforts should take into account persons with disabilities,a women, girls and low-income groups. - The application of ICT in farming can go a long way to enhancing efScaiency in agriculture. - Access to communication services is a prerequisite for the inclusion of arural people in modern society and improving the quality of their lives. - Current business models need to be appropriately modiSed for them to abe effective in connecting rural and remote areas. - Mobile communications have allowed impressive progress to be made in ruraal villages. - RecommendationstITU-TtL.163 (2018), ITU-TtL.110t(2017) and ITU-tL.1700t(2016) are three of the most popular and useful recommendations in addressing the Questioan on rural connectivity. 3 - Neither technology nor spectrum are a barrier for rural connectivity: challenges for rural connectivity are anchored in socio-economic and socio-political issues. - Many countries are having recourse to conditional rural connectivity oblaigations when allocating radio-frequency spectrum, especially for low frequency bands.a 3

ITU-T. Recommendations ITU-T L.163 (2018), on criteria for optical cable installation with minimal existing

infrastructure; ITU-TtL.110 (2017), on optical Sbre cables for direct surface applicationt; and ITU-TtL.1700

(2016), on requirements and framework for low-cost sustainable telecommunicatiaon infrastructure for rural

communications in developing countries.

Abbreviations and acronyms

This table contains abbreviations/acronyms relating to international, re gional or supranational bodies, instruments or texts, as well as technical and other terms used ain this report. Abbreviations/acronyms of national bodies, instruments or texts are explaained in the text, and are thus not included in this table.

AbbreviationTerm

second-generation mobile technology

3Gthird-generation mobile technology

4Gfourth-generation mobile technology

5GSfth-generation mobile

A4AIAlliance for Affordable Internet

ADBAsian Development Bank

ADSLasymmetric digital subscriber line

AFRITU Africa region

AMSITU Americas region

ARBITU Arab States region

ASPITU Asia and the PaciSc region

BaAPBuenos Aires Action Plan

BDTTelecommunication Development Bureau

CAPEXcapital expenditure

CATVcable television

CICcommunity information centre

CISITU Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region

COVID-19coronavirus disease 2019

DOCSISData over Cable Service Interface SpeciScation

ECOWASEconomic Community of West African States

ESOAEMEA Satellite Operators Association

EURITU Europe region

FDDfrequency-division duplexing

FTTBSbre-to-the-building

AbbreviationTerm

Sbre-to-the-cabinet

FTTHSbre-to-the-home

FTTNSbre-to-the-node

FTTxSbre-to-the-x

(where ‘x" indicates the range different possible termination points, e.g.

FTTB/C/H/N/P/S)

FWASxed wireless access

G2Cgovernment-to-citizen

GNIgross national income

GSMAGlobal System for Mobiles Association

GSO/GEOgeostationary orbit

GSRITU Global Symposium for Regulators

HAPShigh-altitude platform systems

HDTVhigh-deSnition television

HEOhighly-elliptical orbit / highly-eccentric orbit

ICTinformation and communication technology

IMTInternational Mobile Telecommunications

IoTInternet of Things

IPTVInternet Protocol television

ISOCInternet Society

ISPInternet service provider

ITUInternational Telecommunication Unon

ITU-DITU Telecommunication Development Sector

ITU-RITU Radiocommunication Sector

ITU-TITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector

IXPInternet exchange point

LDCleast developed country

LEOLow earth orbit

LLClandlocked country

LLDClandlocked developing country

LTELong-Term Evolution

(continued)

AbbreviationTerm

metropolitan area network

MEOmedium earth orbit

MERSMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome

MNOmobile network operator

MP2MPmultipoint-to-multipoint

MVNOmobile virtual network operator

NGOnon-governmental organization

non-GSO/non-GEOnon-geostationary orbit

OPGWoptical Sbre composite overhead ground wire

P2MPpoint-to-multipoint

P2Ppoint-to-point

POTSplain old telephone service

PPPpublic-private partnership

PuPpublic-public partnership

QoSquality of service

RLANradio local area network

SADCSouthern African Development Community

SASECSouth Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation

SDGsUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals

SGVsmart green village

SIDSsmall island developing State

SMSshort messaging service

SOHOsmall ofSce/home ofSce

STEAMscience, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics

TDDtime-division duplexing

TSBTelecommunication Standardization Bureau

TSPtelecommunication service provider

TVWSTV white space

UAVunmanned aerial vehicle

UNESCOUnited Nations Educational, ScientiSc and Cultural Organization (continued)

AbbreviationTerm

very high-speed digital subscriber line

VHCNvery high-capacity network

VoIPvoice over Internet Protocol

VSATvery small aperture terminal

WAEMUWest African Economic and Monetary Union

WATRAWest Africa Telecommunications Regulatory Assembly WiMAXworldwide interoperability for microwave access

WSISWorld Summit on the Information Society

WTDCWorld Telecommunication Development Conference xDSLGeneric term for the whole range of digital subscriber line (DSL) technol- ogies (e.g. DSL, ADSL, VDSL, etc.) (continued)

1Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1

Chapter 1: Introduction

Development Conference (WTDC), highlighted the need to continue to conatribute to achieving the objectives set by the Geneva Plan of Action of the World Summit on tahe Information Society (WSIS) and, in particular, to promote attainment of the Sustainable Deavelopment Goals (SDGs). 1 With that in mind, it noted the importance of addressing the challenge oaf infrastructure development, and the need to install cost-effective and sustainable basiac telecommunication infrastructure in rural and remote areas. It also called for further stuadies in order to enable the vendor community to develop suitable solutions to meet the challengeas identiSed, and maintained ITU-D Questiont5/1 to that end. 2

1.1 Overview of ndings from the previous study period (2014-2017)

3 highlighted the importance of studying rural and remote areas, given that more than ahalf of the global population is rural, that development of information and communication taechnologies (ICTs) in rural and remote areas is slow and requires special policy initiatives aand government subsidies, and that a digital divide still exists between rural and urban populatioans. The report deSned rural areas as sparsely populated areas, characteriazed by problems of geographical access, inadequate enabling infrastructure such as regular aelectricity, absence of adequate telecommunication infrastructure, prohibitive access and equaipment costs, and low geographic density of the target population (small village communitaies). The salient issues that emerged from case studies submitted by various IaTU regions, as well as responses to the questionnaire administered to ITU Member States during apast studies, were, in summary: - high cost of installations due to poor enabling infrastructure to supporat deployment, lack of skilled technical personnel, difScult terrain and ICT illiteracy (aSri Lanka) - prohibitive licence costs (Guinea) and lack of proStability for opearators (Côte d"Ivoire) - absence of basic infrastructure and poverty (Democratic Republic of thea Congo) and serious lack of electricity (Intel Corporation, United States) - additionally, small market size and regulatory issues, particularly the amanner in which spectrum is allocated (responses to the Question 5/1 questionnaire to Maember States). According the 2014-2017 study, the type of technology used by the regions depended on the type of project that each country was deploying or intended to impleament, and there was no uniformity. The main technologies used included backhaul, microwave lainks, satellite links, mobile base stations, wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, VSAaT, copper lines, 1 ITU. Final Report of the World Telecommunication Development Conference (Buenos Aires, 2017) (WTDC-

17). Geneva, 2018.

2

ITU. ITU-D Question 5/1.

3

ITU. Final Report on ITU-DtQuestiont5/1 for the study period 2014-2017. Telecommunications/ICTs for rural

and remote areas. ITU, 2017.

2Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1

copper cables and optical Sbre. With regard to services, the study noated that there was a need for the provision of content in local languages, services and applications tailored to the needs of persons in rural and remote areas, Internet broadband applications adaapted to the areas, telecentres, and e-agriculture applications. With regard to business modaels, the study also reuected that there was a need to explore public-private partnershipsa (PPPs) for the funding of ICT projects. The main conclusions reached in the 2014-2017 study period were, in summaary, as follows: Emerging technologies could expedite extension of ICT services to rural aand remote areas in the form of broadband. - The urban-rural digital divide is still very wide, and forward-looking paolicy interventions and updated regulation customized to the development of telecommunicatioans/ICTs in rural and remote areas are necessary. - Case studies provide best practice which bridges the know-how gap in ruraal communities. - There is a need to improve the environment and life in rural areas in orader to curb rural to urban migration, which constricts rural markets. The report for the 2014-2017 study period recommended that further studiaes be carried out on the installation of cost-effective and sustainable basic telecommunication infrastructure and how to adapt network systems which are predominantly designed for urban aareas to rural and remote areas. 1.2 Gaps requiring attention during the current study (2018-2021) well as ways of improving the development of ICTs for rural and remote areas, there was a real need to update the Sndings and recommendations of those studies, given the changes that have taken place in both technology and the enabling environment.

1.3 Statement of the situation: Scope of the current Question and

in any gaps left as identiSed by the BaAP, in particular to address tahe challenges of deploying cost-effective sustainable ICT infrastructure in rural and remote areas.a

The 2018-2021 study generally also:

- IdentiSes and updates details of the requisite infrastructure for thea deployment of ICTs for rural and remote areas and difSculties in creating or upgrading taelecommunication infrastructure in rural and remote areas, as well as the best ways of coannecting villages with telecommunications/ICTs and building capacity in ICT usage in rurala and remote communities. - IdentiSes the difSculties faced for rural deployment of Sxed anad mobile networks in developing countries and the relevant requirements to be satisSed by asuch networks, taking into account demand and the need to generate increased usage of IaCT services and devices. - Takes stock of the needs of rural and remote communities, current practices and case studies relating to the deployment of ICTs for rural and remote areas and relevant policies to bridge the digital divide and increase affordable access to ICTs.

3Output Report on ITU-D Question 5/1

- Determines methods and strategies to build human resource ICT skillsets afor the deployment of broadband and maintain and encourage the training of technaical staff in order to guarantee the reliability of telecommunication infrastructure. - IdentiSes best practices and formulates proposed techniques and sustaainable solutions in respect of the challenges faced in providing access to ICTs in rural aand remote communities, including the deployment of broadband technologies for various e-application services to foster economic and social development. - IdentiSes the changes in technology that could be exploited for rurala and remote areas, as well as the inuuence of cultural, social and other factors capable of eliciting creative responses to the demand for multimedia services from rural and remote araeas of least developed countries (LDCs), and the required type of community access apoints and telecentres appropriate for rural and remote areas, in line with WSIS taargets. - Tracks progress made on human resources development as well as opportuniaties and challenges for access to services in locally relevant languages. 1.4

Methodology used by the group

and summarizing the content for inclusion in the appropriate chapters; caollecting and analysing case studies; organizing panel discussions and analysing the results.

1.5 Deployment of rural connectivity for achieving the United Nations

ensuring that all communities, including those living in rural and remotae areas, are connected. Applications discussed in this report are clearly linked to achievement aof the SDGs, notably

SDGt1 on ending poverty,

4

SDGt2 on ending hunger,

5

SDGt3 on healthy lives and promotion

of well-being,quotesdbs_dbs42.pdfusesText_42

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