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DIGITAL MEDIA INEQUALITIES

POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION

JOSEF TRAPPEL

ed.

NORDICOM

DIGITAL MEDIA

INEQUALITIES

POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,

DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION

JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.)

NORDICOM

www.nordicom.gu.se

The Media Barometer

Nordicom ReviewNordic Journal of Media Studies

1

Steien, Solveig (2017). ?e Relationship between Press Freedom and Corruption. ?e Perception of Journalism Students

in Elsebeth Frey, Mo?zur Rhaman and Hamida El Bour (eds.) Negotiating Journalism. Core Values and Cultural Diversities

NEGOTIATING JOURNALISM

NORDICOM

NEGOTIATING JOURNALISM

Core Values and Cultural Diversities

Elsebeth Frey, Mo?zur Rhaman and Hamida El Bour (Eds.)

NORDICOM

ISBN 978-91-87957-67-3

9 789187957673

www.nordicom.gu.se

What's the Problem in Problem Gaming? Nordic

Research Perspectives

Youth and News in a Digital Media Environment

YOUTH AND NEWS

IN A DIGITAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENT

NORDICOM

NORDICOM

ISBN 978-91-88855-02-2

1

Nygren, Gunnar & Johansson, Karl Magnus (2018). ?e interplay of media and the political executive. Introduction and frame-

work in Karl Magnus Johansson & Gunnar Nygren (eds.) Close and Distant. Political Executive-Media Relations in Four Coun- tries

NORDICOMNORDICOM

CLOSEANDDISTANT

Karl Magnus Johansson

ISBN 978-91-88855-06-0789188

855060>

Political Executive-Media Relations in Four Countries

Karl Magnus Johansson & Gunnar Nygren (eds.)

NORDICOM

DIGITAL MEDIA

POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,

DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION

JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.)

Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2019

Josef Trappe

l

Denis McQuail

Hannu Niemine

n

Jeremy Tunstal

l

Stylianos Pa

pathanassopoulos & Ralph Negrine

Barbara ?oma

ss

Péter Bajomi-Láz

ár

Judit Bayer

Leen d'Haenens, Wi

llem Joris & Quint Kik

Claudia Pado

vani, Karin Raeymaeckers & Sara De Vuyst

Preface

References:

8

Digital media inequalities: Policies

against divides, distrust and discrimination betweenwithin 14 and in practice. Seen through the prism of inequality, a long and rich tradition becomes visible that can be structured analytically along two axes. One is the segmentation of the eld into macro, meso and micro levels, whereby policy and technology are located at the macro level, media companies and professional journalism represent the meso level and media and communication use as well as content constitute the micro level. e second axe of analysis draws a (blurred) line between traditional legacy media, composed of linear broadcasting (radio and television), printed press (newspapers and magazines), lms for movie theatres and so on, and digital media, basically dened by distribution over the internet. Both traditional legacy and digital media and com regimes

Table 1.

Macro level

Meso level Micro level

Traditional

regime

Digital

regime traditional regime

Manufacturing consent

Table 2.

Company

Source:

A digital agenda for Europe

Conclusions

References

Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination

Media equality as a normative concept

?e public interest in media equality ?e power elite. 41
Towards citizens' communication and information rights Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination

Concerns of the elites

To make a critical interpretation of the two reports, the media are expected, together with politicians, to perform better in terms of persuading people to accept the status quo and with it to agree with increased inequality and social polarization. From this viewpoint, the right and le radical forces have captured the social media and used them for anti-democratic purposes by spreading “fake news" and “alternative truths", and the legacy or traditional media have more or less betrayed the trust invested in them, failing to prevent this from happening (Blake, 2017; Swaine, 2017). is has created an opportunity for populist movements that utilize popular distrust of the elites to their advantage. According to this analysis, the solution oered by the elites to solve the crisis of trust, echoed by the legacy media, is not to provide new measures that would radi the media 55
56
57

References

Jeremy Tunstall

Each new communications era across the last 200 years has introduced new economies of scale and fresh inequalities. ?e biggest single inequality has been that, at least since 1870, the United States and its people have been ahead of the rest of the world. Since around 1920 Hollywood has led world entertainment. Since 1980 Hollywood has been merging with Silicon Valley tech and with computing and telephony. ?e United States has been uniquely successful in attracting ?nance from banks and from Washington, and in combining continental with local and intimate communications. Across 200 years, the communications industries have exhibited extreme economies of scale alongside extremes of social inequality. Within these 200 years there have been three major phases. During 1820 to 1920, there were huge increases in communications scale and in scale economies. Until the introduction of steam printing around 1820, the newspaper was a hand-made product. In the next hundred years, some leading newspapers went from daily sales of perhaps one thousand to daily sales of over one million. Audience (or readership) inequalities were extreme. Across Europe (but not the USA) newspapers initially suered penal taxation and elite people read an expensive elite daily paper while most Europeans in the 1830s and 1840s were still illiterate and reading nothing. Between 1850 and 1900, literacy rates in Euro-America hugely expanded, but still in

1900 most working-class people had no media contact. Meanwhile, across Asia and

Africa, the few elite port city newspapers had very small sales. We can now see the years 1920 to 1980 as the classic era of the “mass media". During these years, the printed press and silent movies were joined by talkie movies, radio and TV. Hollywood was found guilty of cartel behaviour and production companies were forbidden to own theatre chains. Various forms of American semi-cartels were, however, allowed to continue. ?ree radio-and-TV networks (NBC, CBS and later ABC) prevailed. A few American newspaper chains each owned newspapers across a number of big key cities. Europe developed a somewhat dierent pattern of scale economies, which included “public service" radio and TV monopolies.

Tunstall, Jeremy (2019). Scale economies and international communications inequality, 1820-2020 in Josef Trappel (ed.)

67

References

Stylianos Papathanassopoulos & Ralph Negrine

Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination understand better the places that we now inhabit. e rst part of this chapter will explore aspects of the “transformation" of political communication whilst reecting on questions of inequality. e second part will discuss populism, a subject that has considerably re-energized researchers and, more signicantly, polities.

Old and new inequalities

is also applies to communication in the world of politics. As Curran and colleagues (2012) remind us, people who actively participate in politics can be untypical of the general population, which can inuence the nature of online discourse. It is well known today that the politically active tend to be drawn from the higher socio-eco

International Journal of Press/Politics

Populist political com

Annals of the International Communication Association Politics on the edges of liberalism: Dierence, populism, revolution, agitation.

Information, Communication and Society

Barbara omass

Digital media inequal-

ities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination

Table 1.

GDP index below average

Source:

Table 2.

Unemployment rate above the EU average

Source:

Gini coe?icient in the EU - Above/below average

Bulgaria

Source:

Eurostat (2017b).

Austria

Bulgaria

Croatia

Economic inequalities within the EU

Source:

Eurostat (2016, 2017a, 2017b).

2. Latest available data.

102

Sources:

3. 105

News supply and European coverage

Semetko, 2003; Schuck et al., 2016) and general support for the EU (Norris, 2000). Based on those ndings, we will look for patterns of news supply and trust in news media to nd further tentative explanations for the above ndings. Accordingly, we use the ndings of the

References

Péter Bajomi-Lázár

regulation by the state self-regulation by the journalist community communicative power co-regulation Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination regulation to be operational: only journalists who are their own masters can follow their own rules (Frost, 2000). In recent years, the eciency of self-regulatory eorts has also been undermined by the rise of civic journalism, lacking consensual norms and evincing some controversial phenomena, such as the massive production of fake news.quotesdbs_dbs13.pdfusesText_19

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