STARTING POINTS FOR COMBATING HATE SPEECH ONLINE
malicious speech aimed at a person or a group of is one of the prime lines of struggle concerning hate ... 2.0 sites such as YouTube Yahoo! Groups ...
Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides distrust and
Denis McQuail the late Honorary President of the group
Stitch Era basic tutorials.pdf
Tutorials vidéo et traduction française du manuel [12] par Chantal. [14] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/StitchEraUniversal/ ...
Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides distrust and
Denis McQuail the late Honorary President of the group
THE ENGLISH CONNECTION
The Pusan English Teachers Group (PETG) is a chapter of the Korean Email: ksanrubadeau@hotmail.com zoeksan@yahoo.ca ... divided into three lines.
Sommersemester 2021
30.09.2021 The accompanying tutorial/reading course will offer additional opportunities ... As specified in the “Bemerkung” of the individual groups ...
FPMT
08.06.2011 The group did animal liberation and puja offerings for the long life of Lama Zopa Rinpoche during his three-week visit. Cham-Tse-Ling offered ...
Marketing Management (2-download)
Yahoo! worked hard to be more than just a search engine. product lines though appealing to a different group of customers. It might start a laser disk ...
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DIGITAL MEDIA INEQUALITIES
POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATIONJOSEF TRAPPEL
ed.NORDICOM
DIGITAL MEDIA
INEQUALITIES
POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,
DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION
JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.)
NORDICOM
www.nordicom.gu.seThe Media Barometer
Nordicom ReviewNordic Journal of Media Studies
1Steien, Solveig (2017). ?e Relationship between Press Freedom and Corruption. ?e Perception of Journalism Students
in Elsebeth Frey, Mo?zur Rhaman and Hamida El Bour (eds.) Negotiating Journalism. Core Values and Cultural DiversitiesNEGOTIATING JOURNALISM
NORDICOM
NEGOTIATING JOURNALISM
Core Values and Cultural Diversities
Elsebeth Frey, Mo?zur Rhaman and Hamida El Bour (Eds.)NORDICOM
ISBN 978-91-87957-67-3
9 789187957673
www.nordicom.gu.seWhat's the Problem in Problem Gaming? Nordic
Research Perspectives
Youth and News in a Digital Media Environment
YOUTH AND NEWS
IN A DIGITAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENT
NORDICOM
NORDICOM
ISBN 978-91-88855-02-2
1Nygren, Gunnar & Johansson, Karl Magnus (2018). ?e interplay of media and the political executive. Introduction and frame-
work in Karl Magnus Johansson & Gunnar Nygren (eds.) Close and Distant. Political Executive-Media Relations in Four Coun- triesNORDICOMNORDICOM
CLOSEANDDISTANT
Karl Magnus Johansson
ISBN 978-91-88855-06-0789188
855060>
Political Executive-Media Relations in Four CountriesKarl Magnus Johansson & Gunnar Nygren (eds.)
NORDICOM
DIGITAL MEDIA
POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,
DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION
JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.)
Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2019Josef Trappe
lDenis McQuail
Hannu Niemine
nJeremy Tunstal
lStylianos Pa
pathanassopoulos & Ralph NegrineBarbara ?oma
ssPéter Bajomi-Láz
árJudit Bayer
Leen d'Haenens, Wi
llem Joris & Quint KikClaudia Pado
vani, Karin Raeymaeckers & Sara De VuystPreface
References:
8Digital media inequalities: Policies
against divides, distrust and discrimination betweenwithin 14 and in practice. Seen through the prism of inequality, a long and rich tradition becomes visible that can be structured analytically along two axes. One is the segmentation of the eld into macro, meso and micro levels, whereby policy and technology are located at the macro level, media companies and professional journalism represent the meso level and media and communication use as well as content constitute the micro level. e second axe of analysis draws a (blurred) line between traditional legacy media, composed of linear broadcasting (radio and television), printed press (newspapers and magazines), lms for movie theatres and so on, and digital media, basically dened by distribution over the internet. Both traditional legacy and digital media and com regimesTable 1.
Macro level
Meso level Micro level
Traditional
regimeDigital
regime traditional regimeManufacturing consent
Table 2.
Company
Source:
A digital agenda for Europe
Conclusions
References
Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discriminationMedia equality as a normative concept
?e public interest in media equality ?e power elite. 41Towards citizens' communication and information rights Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination
Concerns of the elites
To make a critical interpretation of the two reports, the media are expected, together with politicians, to perform better in terms of persuading people to accept the status quo and with it to agree with increased inequality and social polarization. From this viewpoint, the right and le radical forces have captured the social media and used them for anti-democratic purposes by spreading fake news" and alternative truths", and the legacy or traditional media have more or less betrayed the trust invested in them, failing to prevent this from happening (Blake, 2017; Swaine, 2017). is has created an opportunity for populist movements that utilize popular distrust of the elites to their advantage. According to this analysis, the solution oered by the elites to solve the crisis of trust, echoed by the legacy media, is not to provide new measures that would radi the media 5556
57
References
Jeremy Tunstall
Each new communications era across the last 200 years has introduced new economies of scale and fresh inequalities. ?e biggest single inequality has been that, at least since 1870, the United States and its people have been ahead of the rest of the world. Since around 1920 Hollywood has led world entertainment. Since 1980 Hollywood has been merging with Silicon Valley tech and with computing and telephony. ?e United States has been uniquely successful in attracting ?nance from banks and from Washington, and in combining continental with local and intimate communications. Across 200 years, the communications industries have exhibited extreme economies of scale alongside extremes of social inequality. Within these 200 years there have been three major phases. During 1820 to 1920, there were huge increases in communications scale and in scale economies. Until the introduction of steam printing around 1820, the newspaper was a hand-made product. In the next hundred years, some leading newspapers went from daily sales of perhaps one thousand to daily sales of over one million. Audience (or readership) inequalities were extreme. Across Europe (but not the USA) newspapers initially suered penal taxation and elite people read an expensive elite daily paper while most Europeans in the 1830s and 1840s were still illiterate and reading nothing. Between 1850 and 1900, literacy rates in Euro-America hugely expanded, but still in1900 most working-class people had no media contact. Meanwhile, across Asia and
Africa, the few elite port city newspapers had very small sales. We can now see the years 1920 to 1980 as the classic era of the mass media". During these years, the printed press and silent movies were joined by talkie movies, radio and TV. Hollywood was found guilty of cartel behaviour and production companies were forbidden to own theatre chains. Various forms of American semi-cartels were, however, allowed to continue. ?ree radio-and-TV networks (NBC, CBS and later ABC) prevailed. A few American newspaper chains each owned newspapers across a number of big key cities. Europe developed a somewhat dierent pattern of scale economies, which included public service" radio and TV monopolies.Tunstall, Jeremy (2019). Scale economies and international communications inequality, 1820-2020 in Josef Trappel (ed.)
67References
Stylianos Papathanassopoulos & Ralph Negrine
Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination understand better the places that we now inhabit. e rst part of this chapter will explore aspects of the transformation" of political communication whilst reecting on questions of inequality. e second part will discuss populism, a subject that has considerably re-energized researchers and, more signicantly, polities.Old and new inequalities
is also applies to communication in the world of politics. As Curran and colleagues (2012) remind us, people who actively participate in politics can be untypical of the general population, which can inuence the nature of online discourse. It is well known today that the politically active tend to be drawn from the higher socio-ecoInternational Journal of Press/Politics
Populist political com
Annals of the International Communication Association Politics on the edges of liberalism: Dierence, populism, revolution, agitation.Information, Communication and Society
Barbara omass
Digital media inequal-
ities: Policies against divides, distrust and discriminationTable 1.
GDP index below average
Source:
Table 2.
Unemployment rate above the EU average
Source:
Gini coe?icient in the EU - Above/below average
Bulgaria
Source:
Eurostat (2017b).
Austria
Bulgaria
Croatia
Economic inequalities within the EU
Source:
Eurostat (2016, 2017a, 2017b).
2. Latest available data.
102Sources:
3. 105News supply and European coverage
Semetko, 2003; Schuck et al., 2016) and general support for the EU (Norris, 2000). Based on those ndings, we will look for patterns of news supply and trust in news media to nd further tentative explanations for the above ndings. Accordingly, we use the ndings of theReferences
Péter Bajomi-Lázár
regulation by the state self-regulation by the journalist community communicative power co-regulation Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination regulation to be operational: only journalists who are their own masters can follow their own rules (Frost, 2000). In recent years, the eciency of self-regulatory eorts has also been undermined by the rise of civic journalism, lacking consensual norms and evincing some controversial phenomena, such as the massive production of fake news.quotesdbs_dbs13.pdfusesText_19[PDF] Plateforme de la Filière Automobile. Club des Acteurs Régionaux de l Industrie Automobile. Associations Régionales de l Industrie Automobile
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